{"id":1054103,"date":"2024-12-31T14:39:31","date_gmt":"2024-12-31T06:39:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1054103.html"},"modified":"2024-12-31T14:39:33","modified_gmt":"2024-12-31T06:39:33","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e6%93%8d%e4%bd%9c%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e5%ba%93","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1054103.html","title":{"rendered":"python\u5982\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"python\u5982\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\"<\/p>\n

Python\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\uff08\u5982SQLite3\u3001MySQL Connector\u3001Psycopg2\u3001SQLAlchemy\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5\u3001\u5904\u7406\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u5173\u95ed\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/strong> \u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Python\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5305\u62ecSQLite3\u3001MySQL Connector\u3001Psycopg2\u548cSQLAlchemy\u3002SQLite3\u662fPython\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u5c0f\u578b\u5e94\u7528\uff1bMySQL Connector\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff1bPsycopg2\u662fPostgreSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\uff1bSQLAlchemy\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aORM\u5e93\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

1. SQLite3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

SQLite3\u662fPython\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c0f\u578b\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u643a\u5e26\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

import sqlite3<\/p>\n
\u8fde\u63a5SQLite\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/strong><\/h2>\n
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor = conn.cursor()<\/p>\n
\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users<\/p>\n
                 (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)''')<\/p>\n
\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 30)")<\/p>\n
\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong><\/h2>\n
conn.commit()<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")<\/p>\n
print(cursor.fetchall())<\/p>\n
\u5173\u95ed\u6e38\u6807\u548c\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.close()<\/p>\n
conn.close()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. MySQL Connector<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
MySQL Connector\u662fPython\u8fde\u63a5MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5mysql-connector-python\u6a21\u5757\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import mysql.connector<\/p>\n
\u8fde\u63a5MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/strong><\/h2>\n
conn = mysql.connector.connect(<\/p>\n
    host="localhost",<\/p>\n
    user="yourusername",<\/p>\n
    password="yourpassword",<\/p>\n
    database="yourdatabase"<\/p>\n
)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor = conn.cursor()<\/p>\n
\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255), age INT)")<\/p>\n
\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 30)")<\/p>\n
\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong><\/h2>\n
conn.commit()<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")<\/p>\n
print(cursor.fetchall())<\/p>\n
\u5173\u95ed\u6e38\u6807\u548c\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.close()<\/p>\n
conn.close()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. Psycopg2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Psycopg2\u662fPython\u8fde\u63a5PostgreSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5e93\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5psycopg2\u6a21\u5757\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import psycopg2<\/p>\n
\u8fde\u63a5PostgreSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/strong><\/h2>\n
conn = psycopg2.connect(<\/p>\n
    dbname="yourdatabase",<\/p>\n
    user="yourusername",<\/p>\n
    password="yourpassword",<\/p>\n
    host="localhost"<\/p>\n
)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor = conn.cursor()<\/p>\n
\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255), age INT)")<\/p>\n
\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 30)")<\/p>\n
\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong><\/h2>\n
conn.commit()<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")<\/p>\n
print(cursor.fetchall())<\/p>\n
\u5173\u95ed\u6e38\u6807\u548c\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong><\/h2>\n
cursor.close()<\/p>\n
conn.close()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
4. SQLAlchemy<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
SQLAlchemy\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684ORM\u5e93\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5SQLAlchemy\u6a21\u5757\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce<\/strong><\/h2>\n
engine = create_engine('sqlite:\/\/\/example.db', echo=True)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u57fa\u7c7b<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Base = declarative_base()<\/p>\n
\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/h2>\n
class User(Base):<\/p>\n
    __tablename__ = 'users'<\/p>\n
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)<\/p>\n
    name = Column(String)<\/p>\n
    age = Column(Integer)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u6240\u6709\u8868<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)<\/p>\n
session = Session()<\/p>\n
\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
new_user = User(name='Alice', age=30)<\/p>\n
session.add(new_user)<\/p>\n
session.commit()<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
users = session.query(User).all()<\/p>\n
for user in users:<\/p>\n
    print(user.name, user.age)<\/p>\n
\u5173\u95ed\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/h2>\n
session.close()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u54ea\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e3b\u673a\u3001\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. SQLite3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
SQLite3\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. MySQL Connector<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
MySQL Connector\u8fde\u63a5MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e3b\u673a\u3001\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
conn = mysql.connector.connect(<\/p>\n
    host="localhost",<\/p>\n
    user="yourusername",<\/p>\n
    password="yourpassword",<\/p>\n
    database="yourdatabase"<\/p>\n
)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. Psycopg2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Psycopg2\u8fde\u63a5PostgreSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u3001\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
conn = psycopg2.connect(<\/p>\n
    dbname="yourdatabase",<\/p>\n
    user="yourusername",<\/p>\n
    password="yourpassword",<\/p>\n
    host="localhost"<\/p>\n
)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
4. SQLAlchemy<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
SQLAlchemy\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1adialect+driver:\/\/username:password@host:port\/database<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
engine = create_engine('sqlite:\/\/\/example.db', echo=True)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684SQL\u8bed\u53e5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u8868\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u548c\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u521b\u5efa\u8868<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u8868\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8868\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5305\u62ec\u5b57\u6bb5\u540d\u548c\u5b57\u6bb5\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users<\/p>\n
                 (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)''')<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e\u662f\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b57\u6bb5\u540d\u548c\u5b57\u6bb5\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ('Alice', 30)")<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4fee\u6539\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
cursor.execute("UPDATE users SET age = 31 WHERE name = 'Alice'")<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
4. \u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4ece\u8868\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
cursor.execute("DELETE FROM users WHERE name = 'Alice'")<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
5. \u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4ece\u8868\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528SELECT\u8bed\u53e5\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u548c\u67e5\u8be2\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")<\/p>\n
print(cursor.fetchall())<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u5904\u7406\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e\u540e\uff0c\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5904\u7406\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1afetchone\u3001fetchall\u548c\u8fed\u4ee3\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. fetchone<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
fetchone\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u8fd4\u56deNone\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
result = cursor.fetchone()<\/p>\n
print(result)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. fetchall<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
fetchall\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u591a\u6761\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
results = cursor.fetchall()<\/p>\n
for result in results:<\/p>\n
    print(result)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u8fed\u4ee3\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528for\u5faa\u73af\u904d\u5386\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
for result in cursor:<\/p>\n
    print(result)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u5173\u95ed\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5173\u95ed\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
cursor.close()<\/p>\n
conn.close()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Python\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5\u3001\u5904\u7406\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u5173\u95ed\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e93\u5305\u62ecSQLite3\u3001MySQL Connector\u3001Psycopg2\u548cSQLAlchemy\u3002\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6267\u884cSQL\u8bed\u53e5\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528fetchone\u3001fetchall\u548c\u8fed\u4ee3\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5173\u95ed\u6e38\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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