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transform is ~100x slower on data.table than on data.frame #5492

Description

@OfekShilon

# Minimal reproducible example

> df <- data.frame(x = runif(n = 1e7))
> dt <- as.data.table(df)
> system.time(df <- transform(df, y = round(x)))
   user  system elapsed 
  0.122   0.031   0.152 
> system.time(dt <- transform(dt, y = round(x)))
   user  system elapsed 
 19.658   0.157  19.808 

# Output of sessionInfo()
Observed on multiple configurations, the particular one I'm reporting from is with data.table from github trunk:

R version 3.6.3 (2020-02-29)
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
Running under: Ubuntu 20.04.5 LTS

Matrix products: default
BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/blas/libblas.so.3.9.0
LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lapack/liblapack.so.3.9.0

locale:
[1] LC_CTYPE=C.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=C.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=C.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=C.UTF-8
[6] LC_MESSAGES=C.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=C.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=C.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C

attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base

other attached packages:
[1] data.table_1.14.5

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] compiler_3.6.3 tools_3.6.3

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