In general, the major earthquakes shown in each profile are those that incurred the most fatalities according to databases such as the NOAA Significant Earthquake Database¹ and EM-DAT². For countries with numerous earthquakes, more recent deadly or damaging events were prioritized over older, deadlier events.

The social indicators presented use the latest available public datasets³. For some countries and territories, data was not available; in those cases, existing values were retained where appropriate.

• Population: The estimated population for the entire country/territory. The values shown are for year 2026.
• Population growth: The estimated annual population growth. The values shown are for year 2026.
• Gross domestic product (GDP): The gross domestic product is a measure of the health of a country/territory's economy, based on the market value of finished goods and services produced within its boundaries. The values shown are for year 2024.
• GDP per capita: The estimated gross domestic product for the entire country/territory normalized by the total population (i.e., breaking down the value per person). The values shown are for year 2024.
• Gini index: The Gini index measures income/wealth inequality, with values ranging from 0% (perfect equality) to 100% (perfect inequality). The values shown are for the latest available year.
• Human Development Index: The Human Development Index aims to quantify key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Values range from 0 (low human development) to 1 (high humand development). The values shown are for year 2023.

The risk results are the results of an event-based risk analysis, where 100,000 years of earthquakes are simulated.

Three lines of business are considered: residential, commercial, and industrial. Therefore, value or earthquake losses to other building occupancies (e.g., schools, healthcare) and infrastructure are not included.

• Replacement cost: This represents the aggregate cost to replace all residential, commercial, and industrial buildings in the country/territory. This includes the value of the building (structural+nonstructural) and contents. In many cases, it is assumed that non-code conforming buildings will be replaced with code-conforming buildings, thereby increasing their unit cost. Costs are representative of 2025 US Dollars (USD).
• Average annual loss: This represents the absolute loss due to damaged residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that occurs every year, on average, due to earthquake ground shaking.
• Average annual loss ratio: This represents the relative loss due to damaged residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that occurs every year, on average, due to earthquake ground shaking. In this case, the loss is normalized by the replacement value.

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the GEM Foundation.

The following maps are included:

• Earthquake hazard: The earthquake hazard represents the peak ground acceleration for an average return period of 475 years on rock.
• Exposed value: The exposure is represented by the subnational distribution of the replacement value of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Costs are representative of 2025 US Dollars (USD).
• Average annual losses: The risk is represented by the subnational distribution of average annual losses (AAL) due to residential, commercial, and industrial building damage from earthquakes. The darkest colors signify those areas expected to have the greatest absolute value of loss.
• Average annual loss ratios: The risk is represented by the subnational distribution of average annual loss ratios (AALR) due to residential, commercial, and industrial building damage from earthquakes. In this case, the values are normalized by the exposed value to signify those areas that are expected to experience disproportionate damage.

The risk results are the results of an event-based risk analysis, where 100,000 years of earthquakes are simulated.

• Loss by region: The average annual loss (AAL) by subnational boundary. Note that the boundary names presented may not exactly match current convention.
• Building classes: The proportion of the building stock in terms of count and replacement value distributed to different macrotaxonomy classes: adobe/earth, unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry, confined masonry, wood, concrete, steel, light metal, mixed, and other.
• Loss curves: The mean return period losses for average return periods of 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 years.

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