Inconsistent Image.fromarray() behaviour with mode '1'

What did you do?

The following code can reproduce the issue:

import numpy as np
import PIL
from PIL import Image

print('Testing for Pillow version', PIL.__version__)


img_size = (2, 3)  # (w, h)
rng = np.random.default_rng()

test = rng.integers(0, 2, dtype=np.bool_, size=img_size[::-1])
no_mode = Image.fromarray(test)
no_mode_arr = np.array(no_mode)
outcome = np.all(no_mode_arr == test)
print('No mode specified. Mode:', no_mode.mode, 'dtype:',
      no_mode_arr.dtype, 'outcome:', outcome)
with_mode = Image.fromarray(test, mode='1')
with_mode_arr = np.array(with_mode)
outcome = np.all(with_mode_arr == test)
print('Mode specified. Mode:', with_mode.mode, 'dtype:',
      with_mode_arr.dtype, 'outcome:', outcome)

print('Input array:\n', test)
print('Output array with no mode specified:\n', no_mode_arr)
print('Output array with mode specified:\n', with_mode_arr)

Output:

Testing for Pillow version 8.3.2
No mode specified. Mode: 1 dtype: bool outcome: True
Mode specified. Mode: 1 dtype: bool outcome: False
Input array:
 [[ True False]
 [ True False]
 [False False]]
Output array with no mode specified:
 [[ True False]
 [ True False]
 [False False]]
Output array with mode specified:
 [[False False]
 [False False]
 [False False]]

What did you expect to happen?

When initialising an image from a boolean NumPy array, it is expected that True values are assigned to white pixels and False values to black ones. The resulting image should have mode '1' and if, converted back to an array, its contents should be equal to the initial input array.

What actually happened?

If Image.fromarray() is called with mode=None, the code works as expected. If instead it is called with mode='1', the array results in all False values. This is an issue for two reasons.

The conversion of the data is incorrect.
The behaviour of Image.fromarray() is inconsistent: given that when called with mode=None it detects the data as having mode='1', passing mode='1' as an input argument should not change the result.

What are your OS, Python and Pillow versions?

I have run the script with two different conda virtual environments. The OS is macOS Big Sur v11.5.2 (20G95).

Env 1:
- - Python: 3.8.10
- - Pillow: 8.3.2
Env 2:
- - Python: 3.8.10
- - Pillow: 7.1.2

Hi. This seems to be a duplicate of #5465. Try having a read through the comments there.

#5465 (comment)

Mode for fromarray is the "Mode to use". I think this is the mode to use when reading the numpy data - if so, then it makes sense that the values change when it is told to interpret the input data directly.

By default, the boolean data is inferred to have a mode of 1 and a rawmode of 1;8. Because you are explicitly setting it, they both become 1, and so the output data is different.

#5465 (comment)

I think that the mode to use parameter is a footgun. It’s not an implicit conversion, it’s a cast.

Yes, it's definitely the same issue, thanks. I'm closing in order not to duplicate the discussion.

Edit Before I close, could you explain what is the rawmode and why boolean data is interpreted with a rawmode of 1;8? I can't find any information on the documentation

The raw mode is the mode of the incoming data.
Pillow converts (unpacks) the data from the rawmode to the mode as a way of normalising it, reducing the number of modes that we have to support operations for.

Here is the unpack method from 1;8 to 1 -

Pillow/src/libImaging/Unpack.c

Lines 246 to 255 in ffde039

    
           static void 
        
           unpack18(UINT8 *out, const UINT8 *in, int pixels) { 
        
               /* Unpack a '|b1' image, which is a numpy boolean. 
        
                  1 == true, 0==false, in bytes */ 
        
               int i; 
        
               for (i = 0; i < pixels; i++) { 
        
                   out[i] = in[i] > 0 ? 255 : 0; 
        
               } 
        
           }

As opposed to our method for just unpacking 1 to 1 -

Pillow/src/libImaging/Unpack.c

Lines 110 to 142 in ffde039

    
           static void 
        
           unpack1(UINT8 *out, const UINT8 *in, int pixels) { 
        
               /* bits (msb first, white is non-zero) */ 
        
               while (pixels > 0) { 
        
                   UINT8 byte = *in++; 
        
                   switch (pixels) { 
        
                       default: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                           byte <<= 1; 
        
                       case 7: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                           byte <<= 1; 
        
                       case 6: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                           byte <<= 1; 
        
                       case 5: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                           byte <<= 1; 
        
                       case 4: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                           byte <<= 1; 
        
                       case 3: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                           byte <<= 1; 
        
                       case 2: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                           byte <<= 1; 
        
                       case 1: 
        
                           *out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0; 
        
                   } 
        
                   pixels -= 8; 
        
               } 
        
           }

Ok, now it is starting to get more clear, thanks. Do you know if there's a table of all the possible rawmodes and the implicit conversions that users can read?

For fromarray?

Pillow/src/PIL/Image.py

Lines 2877 to 2902 in d76fd93

    
           _fromarray_typemap = { 
        
               # (shape, typestr) => mode, rawmode 
        
               # first two members of shape are set to one 
        
               ((1, 1), "|b1"): ("1", "1;8"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "|u1"): ("L", "L"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "|i1"): ("I", "I;8"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "<u2"): ("I", "I;16"), 
        
               ((1, 1), ">u2"): ("I", "I;16B"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "<i2"): ("I", "I;16S"), 
        
               ((1, 1), ">i2"): ("I", "I;16BS"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "<u4"): ("I", "I;32"), 
        
               ((1, 1), ">u4"): ("I", "I;32B"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "<i4"): ("I", "I;32S"), 
        
               ((1, 1), ">i4"): ("I", "I;32BS"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "<f4"): ("F", "F;32F"), 
        
               ((1, 1), ">f4"): ("F", "F;32BF"), 
        
               ((1, 1), "<f8"): ("F", "F;64F"), 
        
               ((1, 1), ">f8"): ("F", "F;64BF"), 
        
               ((1, 1, 2), "|u1"): ("LA", "LA"), 
        
               ((1, 1, 3), "|u1"): ("RGB", "RGB"), 
        
               ((1, 1, 4), "|u1"): ("RGBA", "RGBA"), 
        
           } 
        
           # shortcuts 
        
           _fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "i4")] = ("I", "I") 
        
           _fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "f4")] = ("F", "F")

Thanks

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Inconsistent Image.fromarray() behaviour with mode '1' #5723

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	static void
	unpack18(UINT8 out, const UINT8 in, int pixels) {
	/* Unpack a '\|b1' image, which is a numpy boolean.
	1 == true, 0==false, in bytes */

	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < pixels; i++) {
	out[i] = in[i] > 0 ? 255 : 0;
	}
	}

	static void
	unpack1(UINT8 out, const UINT8 in, int pixels) {
	/* bits (msb first, white is non-zero) */
	while (pixels > 0) {
	UINT8 byte = *in++;
	switch (pixels) {
	default:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	byte <<= 1;
	case 7:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	byte <<= 1;
	case 6:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	byte <<= 1;
	case 5:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	byte <<= 1;
	case 4:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	byte <<= 1;
	case 3:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	byte <<= 1;
	case 2:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	byte <<= 1;
	case 1:
	*out++ = (byte & 128) ? 255 : 0;
	}
	pixels -= 8;
	}
	}

	_fromarray_typemap = {
	# (shape, typestr) => mode, rawmode
	# first two members of shape are set to one
	((1, 1), "\|b1"): ("1", "1;8"),
	((1, 1), "\|u1"): ("L", "L"),
	((1, 1), "\|i1"): ("I", "I;8"),
	((1, 1), "<u2"): ("I", "I;16"),
	((1, 1), ">u2"): ("I", "I;16B"),
	((1, 1), "<i2"): ("I", "I;16S"),
	((1, 1), ">i2"): ("I", "I;16BS"),
	((1, 1), "<u4"): ("I", "I;32"),
	((1, 1), ">u4"): ("I", "I;32B"),
	((1, 1), "<i4"): ("I", "I;32S"),
	((1, 1), ">i4"): ("I", "I;32BS"),
	((1, 1), "<f4"): ("F", "F;32F"),
	((1, 1), ">f4"): ("F", "F;32BF"),
	((1, 1), "<f8"): ("F", "F;64F"),
	((1, 1), ">f8"): ("F", "F;64BF"),
	((1, 1, 2), "\|u1"): ("LA", "LA"),
	((1, 1, 3), "\|u1"): ("RGB", "RGB"),
	((1, 1, 4), "\|u1"): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
	}

	# shortcuts
	_fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "i4")] = ("I", "I")
	_fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "f4")] = ("F", "F")

Inconsistent Image.fromarray() behaviour with mode '1' #5723

Description

What did you do?

What did you expect to happen?

What actually happened?

What are your OS, Python and Pillow versions?

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radarhere commented on Sep 20, 2021

radarhere commented on Sep 20, 2021

dtoniolo commented on Sep 20, 2021

radarhere commented on Sep 20, 2021

dtoniolo commented on Sep 21, 2021

radarhere commented on Sep 21, 2021

dtoniolo commented on Sep 23, 2021

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