Jump to content

Filipino Americans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Filipino Americans
Mga Pilipinong Amerikano
Map depicting Filipino Americans percentage-wise by PUMA and state in 2023
Total population
4,640,313 (2023)[1]
(ancestry or ethnic origin)
2,051,900 (2023)[2]
(born in the Philippines)
Regions with significant populations
Western United States, Hawaii, especially in metropolitan areas and elsewhere as of 2020
Languages
English (American, Philippine),[3]
Tagalog (Filipino),[3][4]
Ilocano, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Visayan languages (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Chavacano), and other languages of the Philippines[3]
Spanish, Chinese (Minnan and Fujien)[5][6]
Religion
65% Roman Catholicism
21% Protestantism
8% Irreligion
1% Buddhism[7]
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Filipinos, Southeast Asians, Austronesian

Filipino Americans (Filipino: Mga Pilipinong Amerikano) are Americans of Filipino ancestry. Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century[8] and other small settlements beginning in the 18th century.[9] Mass migration did not begin until after the end of the Spanish–American War at the end of the 19th century, when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.[10][11]

As of 2022, there were almost 4.5 million Filipino Americans in the United States[12][13] with large communities in California, Hawaii, Texas, Nevada, Washington, Florida, Illinois, the New York metropolitan area, and Virginia.[14] Around one third of Filipino Americans identify as multiracial or multiethnic, with 3 million reporting only Filipino ancestry and 1.5 million reporting Filipino in combination with another group.[15][16]

Terminology

[edit]

The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to Fil-Am[17] or Pinoy.[18] Another term which has been used is Philippine Americans.[19] The earliest appearance of the term Pinoy (feminine Pinay), was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin.[20] Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines.[21] Beginning in 2017, started by individuals who identify with the LGBT+ Filipino-American population, there is an effort to adopt the term FilipinX; this new term has faced opposition within the broader overseas Filipino diaspora, within the Philippines, and in the United States, with some who are in opposition believing it is an attempt of a "colonial imposition".[22]

Background

[edit]
Five images of the Filipino settlement at Saint Malo, Louisiana

Filipino were among the first Asians in North America.[23] The first documented presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to a visit made by a Novohispanic ship sailing back to modern day Mexico in October 1587 around Morro Bay, California,[24] with the first settlement of a handful of Filipinos who deserted Spanish ships being in Saint Malo, Spanish Louisiana, in 1763,[25] the settlers there were called "Manilamen" and they served in the Battle of New Orleans during the closing stages of the War of 1812, after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed.[26][27] Some Filipinos worked as ranch hands in the 1800s.[28] There was also a settlement in Plaquemines Parish, which became known as "Manila Village". This area was the center of the shrimp drying industry in Louisiana, and its workforce was composed predominantly of Filipino migrants.[29] Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a period following the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was a territory of the United States. By 1904, Filipino peoples of different ethnic backgrounds were imported by the US government onto the Americas and were displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as part of a human zoo.[30][31] During the 1920s, many Filipinos immigrated to the United States as unskilled labor, to provide better opportunities for their families back at home.[32]

Philippine independence was recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946. After independence in 1946, Filipino-American numbers continued to grow. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, and increased following immigration reform in the 1960s.[33] The majority of Filipinos who immigrated after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 were skilled professionals and technicians.[32]

The 2010 census counted 3.4 million Filipino Americans;[34] the United States Department of State in 2011 estimated the total at 4 million, or 1.1% of the US population.[35] They are the country's second-largest self-reported Asian ancestry group after Chinese Americans according to 2010 American Community Survey.[36][37] They are also the largest population of Overseas Filipinos.[38] Significant populations of Filipino Americans can be found in California, Florida, Texas, Hawaii, the New York metropolitan area, and Illinois.

Demographics

[edit]

Some Filipinos have traditional Philippine surnames, such as Bacdayan or Macapagal, while others have surnames derived from Japanese, Indian, and Chinese and reflect centuries of trade with these merchants preceding European and American rule.[39][40][41][42] Reflecting its 333 years of Spanish rule, many Filipinos adopted Hispanic surnames,[40][6] and celebrate fiestas.[43]

Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called "Latinos" due to their historical relationship to Spanish colonialism;[44] this view is not universally accepted.[45] The Philippines experienced both Spanish and American colonial territorial status,[a] with its population seen through each nation's racial constructs.[55] This shared history may also contribute to why some Filipinos choose to also identify as Hispanic or Latino, while others may not and identify more as Asian Americans.[56] In a 2017 Pew Research Survey, only 1% of immigrants from the Philippines identified as Hispanic.[57] Some Filipino Americans may identify as being Pacific Islanders;[58] as many as 8% of Filipinos may self identify as Pacific Islanders, while the majority (85%) identify as Asian.[59]

Language

[edit]
Tagalog language spread in the United States

Filipino and English are constitutionally established as official languages in the Philippines, and Filipino is designated as the national language, with English in wide use.[60] Many Filipinos speak Philippine English, a dialect derived from American English due to American colonial influence in the country's education system and due to limited Spanish education.[61] Among Asian Americans in 1990, Filipino Americans had the smallest percentage of individuals who had problems with English.[62] In 2000, among US-born Filipino Americans, three quarters responded that English is their primary language;[63] nearly half of Filipino Americans speak English exclusively.[64]

In 2003, Tagalog was the fifth-most-spoken language in the United States, with 1.262 million speakers;[4] by 2011, it was the fourth most-spoken language in the United States.[65] Tagalog usage is significant in California, Nevada, and Washington, while Ilocano usage is significant in Hawaii.[66] Many of California's public announcements and documents are translated into Tagalog.[67] Tagalog is also taught in some public schools in the United States, as well as at some colleges.[68] Other significant Filipino languages are Ilocano and Cebuano.[69] Other languages spoken in Filipino-American households include Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon, Bicolano and Waray.[70] However, fluency in Philippine languages tends to be lost among second- and third-generation Filipino Americans.[71] Other languages of the community include Spanish and Chinese (Hokkien and Mandarin).[5] The demonym, Filipinx, is a gender-neutral term that is applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora, specifically Filipino Americans.[72] The usage of the term is controversial.[73] The term is not applied to Filipinos in the Philippines.[74][75]

Religion

[edit]
Religious Makeup of Filipino-Americans (2012)[76]
  1. Catholicism (65.0%)
  2. Evangelical Protestant (12.0%)
  3. Mainline Protestant (9.00%)
  4. Unaffiliated (8.00%)
  5. Other Christian (3.00%)
  6. Buddhism (1.00%)
  7. Other (2.00%)

The Philippines is 90% Christian,[43][77] one of only two predominantly Christian countries in Southeast Asia, alongside East Timor.[78] Following the European arrival to the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan, Spaniards made a concerted effort to convert Filipinos to Catholicism; outside of the Muslim sultanates and animist societies, missionaries were able to convert large numbers of Filipinos.[77] and the majority are Roman Catholic, giving Catholicism a major impact on Filipino culture.[79] Other Christian denominations include Protestants (Aglipayan, Episcopalian, and others), and nontrinitarians (Iglesia ni Cristo and Jehovah's Witnesses).[79] Additionally there are those Filipinos who are Muslims, Buddhist or nonreligious; religion has served as a dividing factor within the Philippines and Filipino-American communities.[79]

During the early part of the United States governance in the Philippines, there was a concerted effort to convert Filipinos into Protestants, and the results came with varying success.[80] As Filipinos began to migrate to the United States, Filipino Roman Catholics were often not embraced by their American Catholic brethren, nor were they sympathetic to a Filipino-ized Catholicism, in the early 20th century.[81][82] This led to creation of ethnic-specific parishes;[81][83] one such parish was St. Columban's Church in Los Angeles.[84] In 1997, the Filipino oratory was dedicated at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, owing to increased diversity within the congregations of American Catholic parishes.[85] The first-ever American Church for Filipinos, San Lorenzo Ruiz Church in New York City, is named after the first saint from the Philippines, San Lorenzo Ruiz. This was officially designated as a church for Filipinos in July 2005, the first in the United States, and the second in the world, after a church in Rome.[86]

In 2010, Filipino American Catholics were the largest population of Asian American Catholics, making up more than three fourths of Asian American Catholics.[87] In 2015, a majority (65%) of Filipino Americans identify as Catholic;[88] this is down slightly from 2004 (68%).[89] In 2023, three quarters of surveyed Filipino Americans identify as Christian, with the majority of those surveyed being Catholic.[90] Filipino Americans, who are first-generation immigrants were more likely to attend mass weekly, and tended to be more conservative, than those who were born in the United States.[91] Culturally, some traditions and beliefs rooted from the original indigenous religions of Filipinos are still known among the Filipino diaspora.[92][93]

Politics

[edit]
Headquarters of the government in exile and temporary capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

Filipino Americans have traditionally been socially conservative,[94] particularly with "second wave" immigrants;[95] the first Filipino American elected to office was Peter Aduja.[96] In the 2004 US presidential election Republican president George W. Bush won the Filipino-American vote over John Kerry by nearly a two-to-one ratio,[97] which followed strong support in the 2000 election.[98] However, during the 2008 US presidential election, Filipino Americans voted majority Democratic, with 50% to 58% of the community voting for President Barack Obama and 42% to 46% voting for Senator John McCain.[99][100] The 2008 election marked the first time that a majority of Filipino Americans voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[101]

According to the 2012 National Asian American Survey, conducted in September 2012,[102] 45% of Filipinos were independent or nonpartisan, 27% were Republican, and 24% were Democrats.[100] Additionally, Filipino Americans had the largest proportions of Republicans among Asian Americans polled, a position normally held by Vietnamese Americans, leading up to the 2012 election,[102] and had the lowest job approval opinion of Obama among Asian Americans.[102][103] In a survey of Asian Americans from thirty-seven cities conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that of the Filipino-American respondents, 65% voted for Obama.[104] According to an exit poll conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that 71% of responding Filipino Americans voted for Hillary Clinton during the 2016 general election.[105] Filipino Americans are more receptive to gun rights compared to other Asian-American ethnic groups;[106] this is in part due to firearm laws in the Philippines.[106]

In a survey conducted by the advocacy group Asian Americans Advancing Justice in September 2020, of the 263 Filipino American respondents, 46% identified as Democrats, 28% identified as Republicans, and 16% as independent.[107] According to interviews conducted by academic Anthony Ocampo, Filipino American supporters of Donald Trump cited their support for the former President based on support for building a border wall, tax cuts to businesses, legal immigration, school choice, opposition to abortion, opposition to affirmative action, antagonism towards the People's Republic of China, and viewing Trump as a non-racist.[108] There was an age divide among Filipino Americans, with older Filipino Americans more likely to support Trump or be Republicans, and younger Filipino Americans more likely to support Biden or be Democrats.[109] In the 2020 presidential election, Philippines Ambassador Jose Manuel Romualdez alleged that 60% of Filipino Americans reportedly voted for Joe Biden.[110] Several Filipino Americans participated in the events at the United States Capital on January 6, 2021.[111] The news site Rappler reported the next day that Filipino-American media has heavily repeated QAnon conspiracies.[112] Rappler reported that some Filipino Americans, who voted for Trump, cite similar political opinions in the Philippines regarding Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and anti-Chinese sentiment since China has been building artificial reefs in the South China Sea near the Philippines in the 2010s, and have recently seen the Republican Party as more hardline against the Chinese government's actions.[113]

Of the 1,051 Filipinos surveyed by the Pew Research Center in 2022 & 2023, 68% were democrats, or leaned democrat, and 31% were republican, or lean republican.[114] In the 2024 election, most Filipino Americans, in Nevada, have responded to a survey indicating 59% of them found Vice President Kamala Harris more favorably, while 29% found former President Donald Trump favorable.[115][b] That said, 38% of Asian American voters in Nevada voted for Donald Trump; these voters included Filipino Americans, who are the largest Asian American population in Nevada.[117] In 2026, Rappler reported that 35% of Filipino Americans polled supported Donald Trump in 2024.[118]

Due to scattered living patterns, it is nearly impossible for Filipino American candidates to win an election solely based on the Filipino-American vote.[119] Filipino-American politicians have increased their visibility over the past few decades. Ben Cayetano (Democrat), former governor of Hawaii, became the first governor of Filipino descent in the United States. The number of Congressional members of Filipino descent doubled to numbers not reached since 1937, two when the Philippine Islands were represented by non-voting Resident Commissioners, due to the 2000 senatorial election. In 2009 three Congress-members claimed at least one-eighth Filipino ethnicity;[120] the largest number to date. Since the resignation of Senator John Ensign in 2011[121] (the only Filipino American to have been a member of the Senate), and Representative Steve Austria (the only Asian Pacific American Republican in the 112th Congress[122]) choosing not to seek reelection and retire,[123] Representative Robert C. Scott was the only Filipino American in the 113th Congress.[124] In the 116th United States Congress, Scott was joined by Rep. TJ Cox, bringing the number of Filipino Americans in Congress to two.[125] In the 117th United States Congress, Scott once again became the sole Filipino-American Representative after Cox was defeated in a rematch against David Valadao.[126]

Socioeconomic demographics

[edit]

Economics

[edit]

According to Pew Research study in 2024,Filipino Americans are largely middle class with 62% of households being middle income. From the same study, 21% of Filipino-American households were reportedly Upper Income; this is higher than the 17% rate for All Americans, comparable to the 21% rate of White Americans, and lower than the 27% rate of All Asian households. They are less likely to be Upper Income than all Asians. Filipino Americans have high labor force participation rates and 67% of Filipino Americans are employed.[127][128]

Filipino Americans are more likely to live in larger, overcrowded (8.7% of Filipino housing units compared to 3.5% of total population), multi-generational (34%) households compared to the general population. The average household size for Filipino Americans in 2023 was 2.99 compared to 2.49 for the general population.[129][130][131]

The impressive annual median household income and low poverty rates must be approached with caution, for median household income represents the combined earnings of several family or household members often living in crowded and less than adequate houses.[132]

While the median household income for Filipino alone was high, per capita income for Filipino Americans was $47,819 which was significantly lower than for all Asians ($55,561) and Non-Hispanic Whites ($50,675). It is somewhat higher than the median per capita income of All Americans ($45,140).[133] Individual earnings for both Filipino males and females were significantly lower than all Asians, suggesting multiple earners in a household.[134][135] Filipino-American full-time, year-round workers had an average hourly wage of $29.35, lower than the US average of $29.95 and AAPI average of $30.73 [136]

39% of Filipino American men (ages 25–34) had attained a Bachelor's degree, slightly higher than the national average for men at 37.1%. The rate of Filipino American men with Bachelor's degrees is lower in comparison to 87% of Asian Indian American men, 69% of Chinese American men, 63% of Japanese American men, 62% of Korean American men, and 42% of Vietnamese American men. The same study showed that Filipino, Korean and Cambodian men with Bachelor's degrees have lower median wages of $30 an hour compared to Chinese and Indian immigrant men who had median wages of $40 an hour[137]

Filipino American households in Los Angeles had a net worth of $243,000 with $5,000 in debts compared to a net worth of $355,000 for White households, $595,000 for Japanese households, $408,500 for Chinese households and $460,000 for Indian American households.[138]

Filipino Americans had a significantly higher rate of food insecurity (11%) than all Asians and White Americans (6%).[139]

Filipino Americans had a lower poverty rate (7%) than the total population, this correlates with the Filipino-American unemployment rate being only 3% and a high labor force participation rate of 67%.[140][141]

There is a trend of second-generation Filipino Americans moving back to the Philippines, finding the American Dream more and more unattainable. They cite lower cost of living as the main reasons they would move back to the Philippines.[142][143] There is also a trend of Filipino Americans relocating from Hawaii and California to Nevada due to rising cost of living and housing prices.[144]

Per capita income

[edit]
Ethnicity[145] Per capita income
As of 2023
Indian $72,389
Chinese $62,605
Japanese $61,568
Korean $58,560
White (Non Hispanic)                   $50,675
Filipino $47,819
Vietnamese $40,037
Total US Population $43,313

Average hourly wages for full-time, year-round workers in 2019[136]

Group Hourly wage
Indian $ 51.19
Chinese $ 43.35
Pakistani $ 40.50
Japanese $ 39.51
Korean $ 39.47
Sri Lankan $ 36.06
Malaysian $ 35.25
Indonesian $ 32.49
Fijian $ 31.21
Mongolian $ 31.13
AAPI average $ 30.73
US average $ 29.95
Bangladeshi $ 29.70
Vietnamese $ 29.38
Filipino $ 29.35
Nepalese $ 28.44
Thai $ 27.53
Tongan $ 25.99
Hawaiian $ 25.75
Samoan $ 23.72
Laotian $ 23.61
Cambodian $ 23.12
Guamanian/Chamorro $ 23.12
Burmese $ 21.63
Bhutanese $ 15.36

Industry and jobs

[edit]

The representation of Filipino Americans employed in health care is high.[146][147][148] Other sectors of the economy where Filipino Americans have significant representation are in the public sector,[149] and in the service sector.[150][151] Compared to Asian-American women of other ethnicities, and women in the United States in general, Filipina Americans are more likely to be part of the work force;[152] a large population, nearly one fifth (18%), of Filipina Americans worked as registered nurses.[153] There is also a large number of Filipino domestic workers and care-givers in the US.[154][155] More than 60% of Filipino Americans work in low-wage and/or service-sector work.

Filipino Americans own a variety of businesses, making up 10.5% of all Asian owned businesses in the United States in 2007.[156] In 2002, according to the Survey of Business Owners, there were over 125,000 Filipino-owned businesses; this increased by 30.4% to over 163,000 in 2007.[157] By then, 25.4% of these businesses were in the retail industry, 23% were in the health care and social assistance industries,[158] and they employed more than 142,000 people and generated almost $15.8 billion in revenue.[156] Of those, just under three thousand (1.8% of all Filipino-owned businesses) were million dollar or more businesses. This means Filipino-owned businesses are significantly less likely to be million dollar or more than all Asians (5%).[159][160] California had the largest number of Filipino-owned businesses, with the Los Angeles metropolitan area having the largest number of any metropolitan area in the United States.[156]

The Philippines is the largest exporters of Nurses and this is something that can be traced back to US colonialism.[161] America has been relying on Filipino nurses on the frontlines since the AIDS pandemic. Despite being comprised only 4% of registered nurses in the US, they were nearly a third of Covid-related deaths among registered nurses.[162][163]

American schools have also hired and sponsored the immigration of Filipino teachers and instructors.[164] Some of these teachers were forced into labor outside the field of education, and mistreated by their recruiters.[165]

Among Overseas Filipinos, Filipino Americans are the largest remitters of US dollars to the Philippines. In 2005, their combined dollar remittances reached a record-high of almost $6.5 billion. In 2006, Filipino Americans sent more than $8 billion, which represents 57% of the total foreign remittances received by the Philippines.[166] By 2012, this amount had reached $10.6 billion, but made up only 43% of total remittances.[167] In 2021, the United States was the largest source of remittances to the Philippines, making up 40.5% of the $31.4 billion remittances received by the Philippines.[168]

Culture

[edit]

The history of Spanish and American rule and contact with merchants and traders culminated in a unique blend of Eastern and Western cultures in the Philippines.[169] Filipino-American cultural identity has been described as fluid, adopting aspects from various cultures;[170] however, there has not been significant research into the culture of Filipino Americans.[171] Fashion, dance, music, theater and arts have all had roles in building Filipino-American cultural identities and communities.[172][page needed]

In areas of sparse Filipino population, they often form loosely-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events.[173] Organizations are often organized into regional associations.[174] The associations are a small part of Filipino-American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii.[175] A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored for the Filipino-American community.[176] In a Filipino party, shoes should be left in the front of the house and greet everyone with a hi or hello. When greeting older relatives, 'po' and 'opo' must be said in every sentence to show respect.[177]

Due to history, the Philippines and the United States are connected culturally.[178] In 2016, there was $16.5 billion worth of trade between the two countries, with the United States being the largest foreign investor in the Philippines, and more than 40% of remittances came from (or through) the United States.[179] In 2004, the amount of remittances coming from the United States was $5 billion;[180] this is an increase from the $1.16 billion sent in 1991 (then about 80% of total remittances being sent to the Philippines), and the $324 million sent in 1988.[181] Some Filipino Americans have chosen to retire in the Philippines, buying real estate.[182][183] Filipino Americans, continue to travel back and forth between the United States and the Philippines, making up more than a tenth of all foreign travelers to the Philippines in 2010;[183][184] when traveling back to the Philippines they often bring cargo boxes known as a balikbayan box.[185]

Cuisine

[edit]
A Filipino fusion food truck in the greater Los Angeles area
A Filipino fusion food truck in the San Francisco Bay Area

The number of Filipino restaurants does not reflect the size of the population.[186][187][188] Due to the restaurant business not being a major source of income for the community, few non-Filipinos are familiar with the cuisine.[189] Although American cuisine influenced Filipino cuisine,[190] it has been criticized by non-Filipinos.[191] Even on Oahu where there is a significant Filipino-American population,[192] Filipino cuisine is not as noticeable as other Asian cuisines.[193] One study found that Filipino cuisine was not often listed in food frequency questionnaires.[194] On television, Filipino cuisine has been criticized, such as on Fear Factor,[195] and praised, such as on Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations,[196] and Bizarre Foods America.[197]

While "new" Filipino restaurants and fusion-type places have been opening up, traditionally, "native cuisine proved itself strong and resistant to 'fraternization' with foreign invaders. The original dishes have retained their ingredients, cooking methods, and spirit."

Filipino cuisine is much like its culture, a blend of many influences through the years of colonization. Popular Filipino dishes such as pancit has Hokkien roots, adobo from Spain and Mexico, and the use of bagoong and patis, fermented sauces that stem from Malay origins.[198]

Filipino-American chefs cook in many fine dining restaurants,[199] including Cristeta Comerford who was the executive chef in the White House from 2005 until 2024,[187] though many do not serve Filipino cuisine in their restaurants.[199] Reasons given for the lack of Filipino cuisine in the US include colonial mentality,[188] lack of a clear identity,[188] a preference for cooking at home,[187] a continuing preference of Filipino Americans for cuisines other than their own,[200] and the nebulous nature of Filipino cuisine itself due to its historical influences.[201] Filipino cuisine remains prevalent among Filipino immigrants,[202] with restaurants and grocery stores catering to the Filipino-American community,[186][203] including Jollibee, a Philippines-based fast-food chain.[204]

In the 2010s, successful and critically reviewed Filipino-American restaurants were featured in The New York Times.[205] That same decade began a Filipino Food movement in the United States;[206] it has been criticized for gentrification of the cuisine.[207] Bon Appetit named Bad Saint in Washington, D.C. "the second best new restaurant in the United States" in 2016.[208] Food & Wine named Lasa, in Los Angeles, one of its restaurants of the year in 2018.[209] With this emergence of Filipino-American restaurants, food critics like Andrew Zimmern have predicted that Filipino food will be "the next big thing" in American cuisine.[210] Yet in 2017, Vogue described the cuisine as "misunderstood and neglected";[211] SF Weekly in 2019, later described the cuisine as "marginal, underappreciated, and prone to weird booms-and-busts".[212]

Family

[edit]

Filipino Americans undergo experiences that are unique to their own identities. These experiences derive from both the Filipino culture and American cultures individually and the dueling of these identities as well. These stressors, if great enough, can lead Filipino Americans into suicidal behaviors.[213] Members of the Filipino community learn early on about kapwa, which is defined as "interpersonal connectedness or togetherness".[214]

With kapwa, many Filipino Americans have a strong sense of needing to repay their family members for the opportunities that they have been able to receive. An example of this is a new college graduate feeling the need to find a job that will allow them to financially support their family and themselves. This notion comes from "utang na loob", defined as a debt that must be repaid to those who have supported the individual.[215]

With kapwa and utang na loob as strong forces enacting on the individual, there is an "all or nothing" mentality that is being played out. In order to bring success back to one's family, there is a desire to succeed for one's family through living out a family's wants as opposed to one's own true desires.[216] This can manifest as one entering a career path that they are not passionate in, but select in order to help support their family.[217]

Despite many of the stressors for these students deriving from family, it also becomes apparent that these are the reasons that these students are resilient. When family conflict rises in Filipino-American families, there is a negative association with suicide attempts.[213] This suggests that though family is a presenting stressor in a Filipino American's life, it also plays a role for their resilience.[213] In a study conducted by Yusuke Kuroki, family connectedness, whether defined as positive or negative to each individual, served as one means of lowering suicide attempts.[213]

Media

[edit]

Beginning in the late 1800s, Filipino Americans began publishing books in the United States.[218] The growth of publications for the masses in the Philippines accelerated during the American period.[218] Ethnic media serving Filipino Americans dates back to the beginning of the 20th century.[219] In 1905, pensionados at University of California, Berkeley published The Filipino Students' Magazine.[220] One of the earliest Filipino-American newspapers published in the United States, was the Philippine Independent of Salinas, California, which began publishing in 1921.[220] Newspapers from the Philippines, to include The Manila Times, also served the Filipino diaspora in the United States.[219] In 1961, the Philippine News was started by Alex Esclamado, which by the 1980s had a national reach and at the time was the largest English-language Filipino newspaper.[221] While many areas with Filipino Americans have local Filipino newspapers, one of the largest concentrations of these newspapers occur in Southern California.[222] Beginning in 1992, Filipinas began publication, and was unique in that it focused on American-born Filipino Americans of the second and third generations.[219] Filipinas ended its run in 2010, however it was succeeded by Positively Filipino in 2012 which included some of the staff from Filipinas.[223] The Filipino diaspora in the United States are able to watch programming from the Philippines on television through GMA Pinoy TV and The Filipino Channel.[224][225]

Sports

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Filipino Americans and sports.[edit]

Filipinos all over the world may be far from their country, the Philippines, but that does not change the rules of sports or the impact of sports on the Filipino diaspora. The idea of sportsmanship and the values of an athlete transfer on Filipino Americans as well as values originating from the Philippines itself. Watching sports also make a huge impact on the Filipino American community in coherence with playing the sports. Sports brings Filipinos together no matter what distance from the Philippines they are and for many Filipino Americans it brings that sense of community and a sense of home. All sports, especially basketball, has a culture aspect among Filipino Americans and other Filipinos around the world.

Community issues

[edit]

Immigration

[edit]
Quarters for Filipino workers at a salmon cannery in Nushagak, Alaska in 1917.
Quarters for Filipino workers at a salmon cannery in Nushagak, Alaska in 1917.
Company labor camp for Filipino farm laborers on Ryer Island in 1940

The Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9225) made Filipino Americans eligible for dual citizenship in the United States and the Philippines.[226] Overseas suffrage was first employed in the May 2004 elections in which Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was reelected to a second term.[227]

By 2005, about 6,000 Filipino Americans had become dual citizens of the two countries.[228] One effect of this act was to allow Filipino Americans to invest in the Philippines through land purchases, which are limited to Filipino citizens, and, with some limitations, former citizens.[229]), vote in Philippine elections, retire in the Philippines, and participate in representing the Philippine flag. In 2013, for the Philippine general election there were 125,604 registered Filipino voters in the United States and Caribbean, of which only 13,976 voted.[230]

Dual citizens have been recruited to participate in international sports events including athletes representing the Philippines who competed in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens,[231] and the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.[232]

The Philippine government actively encourages Filipino Americans to visit or return permanently to the Philippines via the "Balikbayan" program and to invest in the country.[233]

Filipinos remain one of the largest immigrant groups to date with over 40,000 arriving annually since 1979.[234] The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has a preference system for issuing visas to non-citizen family members of US citizens, with preference based generally on familial closeness. Some non-citizen relatives of US citizens spend long periods on waiting lists.[235] Petitions for immigrant visas, particularly for siblings of previously naturalized Filipinos that date back to 1984, were not granted until 2006.[236] As of 2016, over 380 thousand Filipinos were on the visa wait list, second only to Mexico and ahead of India, Vietnam and China.[237] Filipinos have the longest waiting times for family reunification visas, as Filipinos disproportionately apply for family visas; this has led to visa petitions filed in July 1989 still waiting to be processed in March 2013.[238]

Illegal immigration

[edit]

It has been documented that Filipinos were among those naturalized due to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.[239] In 2009, the Department of Homeland Security estimated that 270,000 Filipino were "unauthorized immigrants". This was an increase of 70,000 from a previous estimate in 2000. In both years, Filipinos accounted for 2% of the total. As of 2009, Filipinos were the fifth-largest community of illegal immigrants behind Mexico (6.65 million, 62%), El Salvador (530,000, 5%), Guatemala (480,000, 4%), and Honduras (320,000, 3%).[240] In January 2011, the Department of Homeland Security estimate of "unauthorized immigrants" from the Philippines remained at 270,000.[241] By 2017, the number of Filipinos who were in the United States illegally increased to 310,000.[242] Filipinos who reside in the United States illegally are known within the Filipino community as "TnT's" (tago nang tago 'hide and hide').[243]

Health

[edit]

Filipino Americans experience significant health disparities and are more likely to have diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and other issues.[244] Filipino Americans also experience food insecurity at a significantly higher rate then other Asian-American groups.[139] In Hawaii the rate of low food security and very low food security for Filipino people were 11.7% and 22.3%.[245][246][247]

Identity

[edit]

Filipino Americans may be mistaken for members of other racial/ethnic groups, such as Latinos or Pacific Islanders;[248] this may lead to "mistaken" discrimination that is not specific to Asian Americans.[248] Filipino Americans, additionally, have had difficulty being categorized, termed by one source as being in "perpetual absence".[249]

In the period, prior to 1946, Filipinos were taught that they were American, and presented with an idealized America.[234] They had official status as United States nationals.[250] When ill-treated and discriminated by other Americans, Filipinos were faced with the racism of that period, which undermined these ideals.[251] Carlos Bulosan later wrote about this experience in America is in the Heart. Even pensionados, who immigrated on government scholarships,[234] were treated poorly.[251]

In Hawaii, Filipino Americans often have little identification with their heritage,[252] and it has been documented that many disclaim their ethnicity.[253] This may be due to the "colonial mentality", or the idea that Western ideals and physical characteristics are superior to their own.[254] Although categorized as Asian Americans, Filipino Americans have not fully embraced being part of this racial category due to marginalization by other Asian-American groups and or the dominant American society.[255] This created a struggle within Filipino American communities over how far to assimilate.[256] The term "white-washed" has been applied to those seeking to further assimilate.[257] Those who disclaim their ethnicity lose the positive adjustment to outcomes that are found in those who have a strong, positive, ethnic identity.[254]

Of the ten largest immigrant groups, Filipino Americans have the highest rate of assimilation,[258] with the exception of cuisine.[259] Filipino Americans have been described as the most "Americanized" of the Asian-American ethnicities.[260] However, even though Filipino Americans are the second-largest group among Asian Americans, community activists have described the ethnicity as "invisible", claiming that the group is virtually unknown to the American public,[261] and is often not seen as significant even among its members.[262] Another term for this status is forgotten minority.[263]

This description has also been used in the political arena, given the lack of political mobilization.[264] In the mid-1990s it was estimated that some one hundred Filipino Americans have been elected or appointed to public office. This lack of political representation contributes to the perception that Filipino Americans are invisible.[265]

The concept is also used to describe how the ethnicity has assimilated.[266] Few affirmative action programs target the group although affirmative action programs rarely target Asian Americans in general.[267] Assimilation was easier given that the group is majority religiously Christian, fluent in English, and have high levels of education.[268] The concept was in greater use in the past, before the post-1965 wave of arrivals.[269]

The term invisible minority has been used for Asian Americans as a whole,[270][271] and the term "model minority" has been applied to Filipinos as well as other Asian-American groups.[272] Filipino critics allege that Filipino Americans are ignored in immigration literature and studies.[273]

As with fellow Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are viewed as "perpetual foreigners", even for those born in the United States.[274] This has resulted in physical attacks on Filipino Americans, as well as non-violent forms of discrimination.[275]

In college and high school campuses, many Filipino-American student organizations put on annual Pilipino Culture Nights to showcase dances, perform skits, and comment on issues such as identity and lack of cultural awareness due to assimilation and colonization.[276]

Filipino-American gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual identities are often shaped by immigration status, generation, religion, and racial formation.[277]

Suicidal ideation and depression

[edit]

Mental health is a topic that is seldom spoken about among the Filipino-American community because of the stigma that is attached to it.[278] In the documentary "Silent Sacrifices: Voices of the Filipino American Family" Patricia Heras points out that a lack of communication between first-generation and second-generation Filipino-American immigrants can lead to family members not understanding the personal hardships that each one goes through.[279] Some of the main topics of discussion in this documentary are depression and suicidal ideation experienced by the second-generation youth.[279] These topics are supported by a study that was conducted in 1997 by the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that revealed that 45.6% of Filipina American teenage students in San Diego public schools had seriously thought about committing suicide. Half of those students had actually attempted suicide.[280] Although depression cannot be said to cause suicide, the high scores of depression and low self-esteem show a relation to the high scores of suicidal thoughts among Filipinos.[281]

Depression in Filipinos can sometimes be difficult to notice without digging deeper into their feelings. Filipinos can display their depression in many ways such as showing extreme suffering or smiling even when it may not seem authentic.[278] Some of the common causes of depression include: financial worries, family separation during the immigration process, and cultural conflict.[278] One of these cultural conflicts is the belief that one must base decisions on what will "save face" for the family.[282] A study was published in 2018 by Janet Chang and Frank Samson about Filipino American youth and their non-Filipino friends. They had found that Filipino American youth with three or more close non-Filipino friends were more likely to experience depression and anxiety more so than Filipino American youth with two or less non-Filipino friends that they considered to be close.[283] Although having friends of diverse backgrounds gave these Filipinos a sense of inclusion among their peers, they also gained a heightened awareness of discrimination.[283]

Veterans

[edit]
Manila American Cemetery and Memorial

During World War II, some 250,000 to 400,000 Filipinos served in the United States Military,[284][285] in units including the Philippine Scouts, Philippine Commonwealth Army under US Command, and recognized guerrillas during the Japanese Occupation. In January 2013, ten thousand surviving Filipino-American veterans of World War II lived in the United States, and a further fourteen thousand in the Philippines,[286] although some estimates found eighteen thousand or fewer surviving veterans.[287]

The US government promised these soldiers all of the benefits afforded to other veterans.[288] However, in 1946, the United States Congress passed the Rescission Act of 1946 which stripped Filipino veterans of the promised benefits.[289] One estimate claims that monies due to these veterans for back pay and other benefits exceeds one billion dollars.[285] Of the sixty-six countries allied with the United States during the war, the Philippines is the only country that did not receive military benefits from the United States.[262] The phrase "Second Class Veterans" has been used to describe their status.[262][290]

Filipino-American World War II veterans at the White House in 2003

Many Filipino veterans traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for these benefits.[291] Since 1993, numerous bills have been introduced in Congress to pay the benefits, but all died in committee.[292] As recently as 2018, these bills have received bipartisan support.[293]

Representative Colleen Hanabusa submitted legislation to award Filipino Veterans with a Congressional Gold Medal.[294] Known as the Filipino Veterans of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act, it was referred to the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on House Administration.[295] As of February 2012 had attracted 41 cosponsors.[296] In January 2017, the medal was approved.[297]

There was a proposed lawsuit to be filed in 2011 by The Justice for Filipino American Veterans against the Department of Veterans Affairs.[298]

In the late 1980s, efforts towards reinstating benefits first succeeded with the incorporation of Filipino veteran naturalization in the Immigration Act of 1990.[262] Over 30,000 such veterans had immigrated, with mostly American citizens, receiving benefits relating to their service.[299]

Similar language to those bills was inserted by the Senate into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009[300] which provided a one time payment of at least 9,000 USD to eligible non-US Citizens and US$15,000 to eligible US Citizens via the Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund.[301] These payments went to those recognized as soldiers or guerrillas or their spouses.[302] The list of eligibles is smaller than the list recognized by the Philippines.[303] Additionally, recipients had to waive all rights to possible future benefits.[304] As of March 2011, 42 percent (24,385) of claims had been rejected;[305] By 2017, more than 22,000 people received about $226 million in one time payments.[306]

In the 113th Congress, Representative Joe Heck reintroduced his legislation to allow documents from the Philippine government and the US Army to be accepted as proof of eligibility.[307] Known as H.R. 481, it was referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs.[308] In 2013, the US released a previously classified report detailing guerrilla activities, including guerrilla units not on the "Missouri list".[309]

In September 2012, the Social Security Administration announced that non-resident Filipino World War II veterans were eligible for certain social security benefits; however an eligible veteran would lose those benefits if they visited for more than one month in a year, or immigrated.[310]

Beginning in 2008, a bipartisan effort started by Mike Thompson and Tom Udall an effort began to recognize the contributions of Filipinos during World War 2; by the time Barack Obama signed the effort into law in 2016, a mere fifteen thousand of those veterans were estimated to be alive.[311] Of those living Filipino veterans of World War II, there were an estimated 6,000 living in the United States.[312] Finally in October 2017, the recognition occurred with the awarding of a Congressional Gold Medal.[313] When the medal was presented by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, several surviving veterans were at the ceremony.[314] The medal now resides in the National Museum of American History.[315]

Holidays

[edit]
Spectators at the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade in New York City

Congress established Asian Pacific American Heritage Month in May to commemorate Filipino American and other Asian American cultures. Upon becoming the largest Asian American group in California, October was established as Filipino American History Month to acknowledge the first landing of Filipinos on October 18, 1587 in Morro Bay, California. It is widely celebrated by Filipino Americans.[316][317]

Major & Regional Celebrations in the United States
DateNameRegion
JanuaryWinter Sinulog[318]Philadelphia
AprilPhilFest[319]Tampa, FL
MayAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthNationwide, USA
MayAsian Heritage Festival[320]New Orleans
MayFilipino Fiesta and Parade[321]Honolulu
MayFAAPI Mother's Day[322]Philadelphia
MayFlores de Mayo[323]Nationwide, USA
JunePhilippine Independence Day ParadeNew York City
JunePhilippine Festival[324]Washington, D.C.
JunePhilippine Day Parade[325]Passaic, NJ
JunePista Sa Nayon[326]Vallejo, CA
JuneNew York Filipino Film Festival at The ImaginAsian TheatreNew York City
JuneEmpire State Building commemorates Philippine Independence[327] New York City
JunePhilippine–American Friendship Day Parade[328]Jersey City, NJ
June 12Fiesta Filipina[329]San Francisco
June 12Philippine Independence DayNationwide, USA
June 19Jose Rizal's Birthday[330]Nationwide, USA
JunePagdiriwang[331]Seattle
JulyFil-Am Friendship Day[332]Virginia Beach, VA
JulyPista sa Nayon[333]Seattle
JulyFilipino American Friendship Festival[334]San Diego
JulyPhilippine Weekend[335] Delano, CA
August 15 to 16Philippine American Exposition[336]Los Angeles
August 15 to 16Annual Philippine Fiesta[337] Secaucus, NJ
AugustSummer Sinulog[338]Philadelphia
AugustHistoric Filipinotown Festival[339]Los Angeles
AugustPistahan Festival and Parade[340]San Francisco
September 25Filipino Pride Day[341]Jacksonville, FL
SeptemberFestival of Philippine Arts and Culture (FPAC)[342]Los Angeles
SeptemberAdoboFest[343]Chicago
OctoberFilipino American History MonthNationwide, USA
OctoberFilipino American Arts and Culture Festival (FilAmFest)[344]San Diego
OctoberHouston Filipino Street Festival[345]Sugar Land, TX
NovemberChicago Filipino American Film Festival (CFAFF)[346]Chicago
December 16 to 24Simbang Gabi Christmas Dawn Masses[347]Nationwide, USA
December 25Pasko Christmas Feast[348]Nationwide, USA
December 30Jose Rizal DayNationwide, USA

Notable people

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Other nations and territories that were once part of the Spanish Empire, that were or are part of the United States, include the Florida,[46][47] Texas,[47][48] Mexican Cession,[46][49] Gadsden Purchase,[49][50] Puerto Rico,[47][51] Guam,[52] Panama Canal Zone,[53] and Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.[54]
  2. ↑ This differed from polling in the Philippines that found that 18% of poll respondents favored Trump, while 14% favored Harris.[116]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "US Census Data". US Census Bureau. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  2. ↑ "PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2023 American Community Survey Estimates".
  3. 1 2 3 McBride, Melen. "HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE OF FILIPINO AMERICAN ELDERS". Stanford University School of Medicine. Archived from the original on October 22, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.,
  4. 1 2 "Statistical Abstract of the United States: page 47: Table 47: Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
  5. 1 2 Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  6. 1 2 Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5.Filipino Americans at Google Books
  7. ↑ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2014. Religious Affiliations Among U.S. Asian American Groups - Filipino: 89% Christian (21% Protestant (12% Evangelical, 9% Mainline), 65% Catholic, 3% Other Christian), 1% Buddhist, 0% Muslim, 0% Sikh, 0% Jain, 2% Other religion, 8% Unaffiliated[failed verification]
    "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. July 19, 2014. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Filipino Americans: 89% All Christian (65% Catholic, 21% Protestant, 3% Other Christian), 8% Unaffiliated, 1% Islam
  8. ↑ Mercene, Floro L. (2007). Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. The University of the Philippines Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-971-542-529-2. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
    Rodis 2006
  9. ↑ Rodel Rodis (October 25, 2006). "A century of Filipinos in America". Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
  10. ↑ "Labor Migration in Hawaii". UH Office of Multicultural Student Services. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  11. ↑ "Treaty of Paris ends Spanish–American War". History.com. February 9, 2010. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the United States, the Philippines were bought for $20 million, and Cuba became a U.S. protectorate.
    Rodolfo Severino (2011). Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 10. ISBN 978-981-4311-71-7. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
    Muhammad Munawwar (February 23, 1995). Ocean States: Archipelagic Regimes in the Law of the Sea. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-7923-2882-7. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
    Thomas Leonard; Jurgen Buchenau; Kyle Longley; Graeme Mount (January 30, 2012). Encyclopedia of U.S. - Latin American Relations. SAGE Publications. p. 732. ISBN 978-1-60871-792-7. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month: May 2021". US Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  13. ↑ "Grid View: Table B02018 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  14. ↑ "Filipino population in U.S. now nearly 4.1 million — new Census data". Inquirer.net USA. November 15, 2019. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Grid View: Table B02015 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  16. ↑ "Grid View: Table B02018 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  17. ↑ "Fil-Am: abbreviation Filipino American". Archived 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine, allwords.com Archived 2010-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, Date accessed: 29 April 2011
    Joaquin Jay Gonzalez III; Roger L. Kemp (February 18, 2016). Immigration and America's Cities: A Handbook on Evolving Services. McFarland. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7864-9633-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
    Stanley I. Thangaraj; Constancio Arnaldo; Christina B. Chin (April 5, 2016). Asian American Sporting Cultures. NYU Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4798-4016-8. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  18. ↑ Jon Sterngass (2007). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  19. ↑ Howe, Marvine (February 26, 1986). "IN U.S., PHILIPPINE-AMERICANS REJOICE". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
    Shulman, Robin (August 16, 2001). "Many Filipino Immigrants Are Dropping Anchor in Oxnard". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
    Allen, James P. (1977). "Recent Immigration from the Philippines and Filipino Communities in the United States". Geographical Review. 67 (2): 195–208. Bibcode:1977GeoRv..67..195A. doi:10.2307/214020. JSTOR 214020.
    American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines (1921). Journal. p. 22. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  20. ↑ Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (May 29, 2013). Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8223-9574-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  21. ↑ Marina Claudio-Perez (October 1998). "Filipino Americans" (PDF). The California State Library. State of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011. Filipino Americans are often shortened into Pinoy Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by the early Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines. Others claim that it implies "Filipino" thoughts, deeds and spirit.
  22. ↑ Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (June 24, 2020). "Is 'Filipinx' a correct term to use? Debate for 'gender-neutral' term for Filipino sparked anew". Philippine Star. Philippines. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
    Chua, Ethan (September 6, 2020). "Filipino, Fil-Am, Filipinx? Reflections on a National Identity Crisis". Medium. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
    Aguilar, Delia D.; Juan, E. San Jr. (June 10, 2020). "Problematizing The Name "Filipinx": A Colloquy". Counter Currents. India: Binu Mathew. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
    Grana, Rhia D. (September 7, 2020). "The new word for 'Filipino' has just been included in a dictionary—and many are not happy". ABS-CBN News. Philippines. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
    Cabigao, Kate (January 6, 2021). "Are You Filipino or Filipinx?". Vice. New York. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  23. ↑ Loni Ding (2001). "Part 1. COOLIES, SAILORS AND SETTLERS". NAATA. PBS. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2011. Most people think of Asians as recent immigrants to the Americas, but the first Asians—Filipino sailors—settled in the bayous of Louisiana a decade before the Revolutionary War.
  24. ↑ Bonus, Rick (2000). Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. Temple University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-56639-779-7. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
    "Historic Site". Michael L. Baird. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  25. ↑ Eloisa Gomez Borah (1997). "Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989" (PDF). Anderson School of Management. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  26. ↑ Williams, Rudi (June 3, 2005). "DoD's Personnel Chief Gives Asian-Pacific American History Lesson". American Forces Press Service. US Department of Defense. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  27. ↑ Loni Ding (2001). "Part 1. COOLIES, SAILORS AND SETTLERS". NAATA. PBS. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2011. Some of the Filipinos who left their ships in Mexico ultimately found their way to the bayous of Louisiana, where they settled in the 1760s. The film shows the remains of Filipino shrimping villages in Louisiana, where, eight to ten generations later, their descendants still reside, making them the oldest continuous settlement of Asians in America.
    Loni Ding (2001). "1763 FILIPINOS IN LOUISIANA". NAATA. PBS. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2011. These are the "Louisiana Manila men" with presence recorded as early as 1763.
    Ohamura, Jonathan (1998). Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. Studies in Asian Americans Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8153-3183-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  28. ↑ "Ranching". National Geographic. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  29. ↑ Kenny, Jim (1994). "Dancing the Shrimp". Philippine Studies. 42 (3): 385–390. JSTOR 42633454.
  30. ↑ Jim Zwick (March 4, 1996). "Remembering St. Louis, 1904: A World on Display and Bontoc Eulogy". Syracuse University. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
  31. ↑ "The Passions of Suzie Wong Revisited, by Rev. Sequoyah Ade". Aboriginal Intelligence. January 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  32. 1 2 "Filipino-Americans in the U.S." Filipino-American Community of South Puget Sound. 2018. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  33. ↑ "Introduction, Filipino Settlements in the United States" (PDF). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. March 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  34. ↑ "Introduction, Filipino Settlements in the United States" (PDF). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. March 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
  35. ↑ "Background Note: Philippines". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. United States Department of State. January 31, 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2014. There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 300,000 American citizens in the Philippines.
  36. ↑ "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010". US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 17, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  37. ↑ Public Information Office (November 9, 2015). "Census Bureau Statement on Classifying Filipinos". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
    Joan L. Holup; Nancy Press; William M. Vollmer; Emily L. Harris; Thomas M. Vogt; Chuhe Chen (September 2007). "Performance of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget's Revised Race and Ethnicity Categories in Asian Populations". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 31 (5): 561–573. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.02.001. PMC 2084211. PMID 18037976.
  38. ↑ Jonathan Y. Okamura (January 11, 2013). Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. Routledge. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-136-53071-5. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  39. ↑ Dudzik, Beatrix; Go, Matthew C. (January 2019). "Classification Trends Among Modern Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1". Forensic Anthropology. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  40. 1 2 Posadas, Barbara Mercedes (1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7. Filipino Americans at Google Books
  41. ↑ Harold Hisona (July 14, 2010). "The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan". Philippine Almanac. Philippine Daily. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
    Varatarācaṉ, Mu (1988). A History of Tamil Literature. Histories of literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1–17. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  42. ↑ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 52–3. ISBN 978-0-8264-6074-5.
  43. 1 2 Bryan, One (2003). Filipino Americans. ABDO. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-57765-988-4.Filipino Americans at Google Books
  44. ↑ The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race. Stanford University Press. 2016. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8047-9757-3. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  45. ↑ Hugo Lopez, Mark; Manuel Krogstad, Jens; Passel, Jeffrey (September 23, 2021). "Who is Hispanic?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 4, 2022. People with ancestries in Brazil, Portugal and the Philippines do not fit the federal government's official definition of "Hispanic" because the countries are not Spanish-speaking. For the most part, people who trace their ancestry to these countries are not counted as Hispanic by the Census Bureau, usually because most do not identify as Hispanic when they fill out their census forms. Only about 2% of immigrants from Brazil do so, as do 1% of immigrants from Portugal and 1% from the Philippines, according to the 2019 American Community Survey. These patterns likely reflect a growing recognition and acceptance of the official definition of Hispanics. In the 1980 census, 18% of Brazilian immigrants and 12% of both Portuguese and Filipino immigrants identified as Hispanic. But by 2000, the shares identifying as Hispanic dropped to levels closer to those seen today.
  46. 1 2 Faustinos, Belinda; Hoyos, Luis; Castaneda, Antonia; de la Garza, Rudolfo O.; Negron-Muntanaer, Frances; Pitti, Stephen J.; Rael-Galvez, Estevan; Rast, Raymond; Rivas-Rodriquez, Maggie; Ruiz, Vicki; Sanchez-Korrol, Virginia. "The National Park Service and American Latino Heritage". American Latino Heritage. United States Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  47. 1 2 3 Goodwin, Robert (March 5, 2019). América: The Epic Story of Spanish North America, 1493-1898. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-63286-724-7. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  48. ↑ Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (March 27, 2018). Empire in Retreat: The Past, Present, and Future of the United States. Yale University Press. pp. 48–52. ISBN 978-0-300-23519-7. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  49. 1 2 Amend, Allison (2010). Hispanic-American Writers. Infobase Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4381-3310-2. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  50. ↑ "Cultural Resource Regional EthnoHistory". Geothermal Leasing in the Western United States: Environmental Impact Statement. United States Department of the Interior. May 2008. pp. I–59–60. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  51. ↑ Bras, Marisabel (January 22, 2011). "The Changing of the Guard: Puerto Rico in 1898". The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  52. ↑ Herman, Doug (August 15, 2017). "A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
    Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (July 25, 2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-61069-422-3. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  53. ↑ 1959 Congressional Record, Vol. 105, Page H17062
    Berguido, Fernando (Fall 2011). "The Big Ditch: How America Took, Built, Ran and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal". ReVista. Harvard University. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  54. ↑ "Pacific Islanders: Territorial Status and Representation". History, Art & Archives. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
    Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Office of United Nations Political Affairs. 1956. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  55. ↑ Kramer, Paul (2006). "Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U.S. Empire: The Philippine-American War as Race War". Diplomatic History. 30 (2): 169–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00546.x.
  56. ↑ Kevin R. Johnson (2003). Mixed Race America and the Law: A Reader. NYU Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-0-8147-4256-3. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
    Yen Le Espiritu (February 11, 1993). Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Temple University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-56639-096-5. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  57. ↑ Jeffrey S. Passel; Paul Taylor (May 29, 2009). "Who's Hispanic?". Hispanic Trends. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. In the 1980 Census, about one in six Brazilian immigrants and one in eight Portuguese and Filipino immigrants identified as Hispanic. Similar shares did so in the 1990 Census, but by 2000, the shares identifying as Hispanic dropped to levels close to those seen today.
    Westbrook, Laura (2008). "Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana". Louisiana Folklife Program. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  58. ↑ Ocampo, Anthony Christian (March 2, 2016). The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race. Stanford University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8047-9757-3. Retrieved April 18, 2026.
    Nadal, Kevin L. (March 23, 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1. Retrieved April 18, 2026.
    Lavin, Elle Raine. "Can Filipinos Claim "Pacific Islander?"". One Down. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
    Palatino, Mong (December 24, 2010). "Are Filipinos Asian?". The Diplomat. Washington, D.C.: Diplomat Media Inc. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
  59. ↑ Shimkhada, Riti; Juhnke, Andrew; Ponce, Ninez A. (April 8, 2025). "Data Disaggregation in Action: Filipino Americans Who Do Not Identify As Asian". Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Springer Nature. doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02398-6. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
  60. ↑ Fong, Rowena (2004). Culturally competent practice with immigrant and refugee children and families. Guilford Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-57230-931-9. Archived from the original on July 28, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
    Andres, Tomas Quintin D. (1998). People empowerment by Filipino values. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 17. ISBN 978-971-23-2410-9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
    Pinches, Michael (1999). Culture and Privilege in Capitalist Asia. Routledge. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-415-19764-9.Filipino Americans at Google Books
    Roces, Alfredo; Grace Roces (1992). Culture Shock!: Philippines. Graphic Arts Center Pub. Co. ISBN 978-1-55868-089-0. Filipino Americans at Google Books
  61. ↑ J. Nicole Stevens (June 30, 1999). "The History of the Filipino Languages". Linguistics 450. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017. The Americans began English as the official language of the Philippines. There were many reasons given for this change. Spanish was still not known by very many of the native people. As well, when Taft's commission (which had been established to continue setting up the government in the Philippines) asked the native people what language they wanted, they asked for English (Frei, 33).
    Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon (January 1, 1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 272–273. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  62. ↑ Don T. Nakanishi; James S. Lai (2003). Asian American Politics: Law, Participation, and Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7425-1850-6. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  63. ↑ Bankston, Carl L. III (2006). "Filipino Americans". In Gap Min, Pyong (ed.). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. Sage focus editions. Vol. 174. Pine Forge Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  64. ↑ Osalbo, Jennifer Guiang (Spring 2011). "Education" (PDF). Filipino American Identity Development and its Relation to Heritage Language Loss (Master of Arts). California State University, Sacramento. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
    Guevarra, Ericka Cruz (February 26, 2016). "For Some Filipino-Americans, Language Barriers Leave Culture Lost in Translation". KQED. San Francisco Bay Area. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
    Ph.D., Kevin L. Nadal (July 15, 2010). Filipino American Psychology: A Collection of Personal Narratives. AuthorHouse. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4520-0190-6. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  65. ↑ Ryan, Camille (August 2013). Language Use in the United States: 2011 (PDF) (Report). United States Census Bureau. American Community Survey Reports. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  66. ↑ Nucum, Jun (August 2, 2017). "So what if Tagalog is 3rd most spoken language in 3 US states?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  67. ↑ "Language Requirements" (PDF). Secretary of State. State of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  68. ↑ Malabonga, Valerie. (2019). Heritage Voices: Programs - Tagalog Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine.
    Blancaflor, Saleah; Escobar, Allyson (October 30, 2018). "Filipino cultural schools help bridge Filipino Americans and their heritage". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  69. ↑ "Ilokano Language & Literature Program". Communications department. University of Hawaii at Manao. 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  70. ↑ Joyce Newman Giger (April 14, 2014). Transcultural Nursing: Assessment and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-323-29328-0. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  71. ↑ Potowski, Kim (2010). Language Diversity in the USA. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-521-76852-8. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
    Ruether, Rosemary Radford, ed. (2002). Gender, Ethnicity, and Religion: Views from the Other Side. Fortress Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-8006-3569-5. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
    Axel, Joseph (January 2011). Language in Filipino America (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). Arizona State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  72. ↑ Avancena, Bea; Jana Santiago, Francesa (August 17, 2022). ""Filipinx" and why Filipinos in America and in the Philippines Might Never Agree". One Down. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
    Toledo, John (September 10, 2020). "Choose: Filipino or Filipinx?". Bulatlat. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
    Viola, Michael Joseph (March 2023). "On Filipinx: Who Gets to Name Whom?". Alon: Journal for Filipinx American and Diasporic Studies. 3 (1): 64–75. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
  73. ↑ Golangco, Lauren (February 1, 2022). "Filipinx: Why is the Gender-Neutral Term So Controversial?". Tatler. United Kingdom: Conde Nast. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
    De Pacina, Michelle (July 26, 2022). "Comic-Con sparks backlash, debate over use of controversial term 'Filipinx'". Yahoo! News. NextShark. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
  74. ↑ "Leave the Filipinx Kids Alone". Esquiremag.ph. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  75. ↑ Toledo, John (September 15, 2020). "Filipino or Filipinx?". Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  76. ↑ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Research Center. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  77. 1 2 Professor Susan Russell. "Christianity in the Philippines". Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  78. ↑ Cindy Kleinmeyer (June 2004). "Religions in Southeast Asia" (PDF). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
    Gonzales, Joseph; Sherer, Thomas E. (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Geography. Penguin. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-59257-188-8. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  79. 1 2 3 Nadal, Kevin (2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  80. ↑ Mark Juergensmeyer (August 25, 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-19-976764-9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
    Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tyron, Darrell; Yengoyan, Aram A. (April 1995). "America and Protestantism in the Philippines". The Austronesians. Australia National University. ISBN 978-0-7315-2132-6. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Alt URL Archived 2021-03-26 at the Wayback Machine
    America. America Press. 1913. p. 8. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
    Catholic World. Paulist Fathers. 1902. p. 847. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  81. 1 2 Laderman, Gary; León, Luís D. (2003). Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-57607-238-7. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  82. ↑ Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 1901. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  83. ↑ Thema Bryant-Davis; Asuncion Miteria Austria; Debra M. Kawahara; Diane J. Willis Ph.D. (September 30, 2014). Religion and Spirituality for Diverse Women: Foundations of Strength and Resilience: Foundations of Strength and Resilience. ABC-CLIO. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4408-3330-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  84. ↑ Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
    Sucheng Chan (1991). Asian Americans: an interpretive history. Twayne. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8057-8426-8. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  85. ↑ Thomas A. Tweed (June 28, 2011). America's Church: The National Shrine and Catholic Presence in the Nation's Capital. Oxford University Press. pp. 222–224. ISBN 978-0-19-983148-7. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
    Broadway, Bill (August 2, 1997). "50-ton Symbol of Unity to Adorn Basilica". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  86. ↑ "Chapel of San Lorenzo Ruiz". Philippine Apostolate / Archdiocese of new York. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
    Fr. Diaz (August 1, 2005). "Church of Filipinos opens in New York". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  87. ↑ Mark Gray; Mary Gautier; Thomas Gaunt (June 2014). "Cultural Diversity in the Catholic Church in the United States" (PDF). United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017. Some 76 percent of Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander Catholics are estimated to self-identify as Filipino (alone and in combinations with other identities).
  88. ↑ Lipka, Michael (January 9, 2015). "5 facts about Catholicism in the Philippines". Fact Tank. Pew Research. Retrieved April 19, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  89. ↑ Tony Carnes; Fenggang Yang (May 1, 2004). Asian American Religions: The Making and Remaking of Borders and Boundaries. NYU Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8147-7270-6. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  90. ↑ Religion Among Asian Americans (Report). Pew Research. October 11, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2026.
  91. ↑ Stephen M. Cherry (January 3, 2014). Faith, Family, and Filipino American Community Life. Rutgers University Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-8135-7085-3. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  92. ↑ Gardner, F. (1906). The Journal of American Folklore: Philippine (Tagalog) Superstitions. American Folklore Society.
  93. ↑ Bautista, A. V. (2014). Filipino American Culture and Traditions: An Exploratory Study. California State University.
  94. ↑ Chen, Thomas (February 26, 2009). "WHY ASIAN AMERICANS VOTED FOR OBAMA". Perspective. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2013. A survey of Filipino Americans in California—the second largest Asian American ethnic group and traditionally Republican voters
  95. ↑ Vergara, Benito (2009). Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. Asian American History & Culture. Temple University Press. pp. 111–12. ISBN 978-1-59213-664-3.
  96. ↑ Sterngass, Jon (January 1, 2009). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
  97. ↑ Lobe, Jim (September 16, 2004). "Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry". Asia Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  98. ↑ Bendixen & Associates and The Tarrance Group (September 14, 2004). "National Poll of Asian Pacific Islanders on the 2004 Election". New American Media. Pacific News Service. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  99. ↑ Mercado, Gus (November 10, 2008). "Obama wins Filipino vote at last-hour". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. A pre-election survey of 840 active Filipino community leaders in America showed a strong shift of undecided registered voters towards the Obama camp in the last several weeks before the elections that gave Senator Barack Obama of Illinois a decisive 58–42 share of the Filipino vote.
  100. 1 2 Letargo, Mico (October 19, 2012). "Fil-Ams lean towards Romney – survey". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. In 2008, 50 percent of the Filipino community voted for President Barack Obama (the Democrat candidate back then) while 46 percent voted for Republican Senator John McCain.
  101. ↑ Chen, Thomas (February 26, 2009). "Why Asian Americans Voted for Obama". Perspective. Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  102. 1 2 3 "In The Know: 2.6 million Filipino-Americans". Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 19, 2012. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  103. ↑ Gonzalez, Joaquin Jay III; Kemp, Roger L. (March 2, 2016). Immigration and America's Cities: A Handbook on Evolving Services. McFarland. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-4766-2379-5. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  104. ↑ Ujala Sehgal; Glenn Magpantay (January 17, 2013). "New Findings: Asian American Vote in 2012 Varied by Ethnic Group and Geographic Location" (Press release). Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  105. ↑ Wang, Hansi Lo (April 18, 2017). "Trump Lost More Of The Asian-American Vote Than The National Exit Polls Showed". NPR. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  106. 1 2 "Gun Control is an Asian American Issue". June 13, 2016.
  107. ↑ Asian Americans Advancing Justice (September 15, 2020). 2020 Asian American Voter Survey (National) (Report). Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  108. ↑ Ocampo, Anthony C. (October 16, 2020). "I Went to a 'Filipinos for Trump' Rally. Here's What I Found". Cololines. New York: Race Forward. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
    Gottlieb, Benjamin (October 7, 2020). "Abortion, immigration, China: Why some LA Filipino Americans are supporting Trump". Artesia, California: KCRW. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  109. ↑ Robles, Raissa (October 31, 2020). "US election: Filipino-Americans lean towards Biden, but Trump still exerts a pull". South China Morning Press. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
    "Filipino American voters in US 'divided' on Trump vs. Biden race". CNN Philippines. November 4, 2020. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  110. ↑ Ramos, Christa Marie (November 9, 2020). "Up to 60% of Fil-Am voters estimated to have voted for Biden, says PH envoy". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  111. ↑ Ichimura, Anri (January 7, 2021). "Weirdest Moment of the U.S. Capitol Riot: A Walis Tambo Being Paraded by a Filipino Trump Supporter". Esquire. Philippines.
    Mendiola, Ritchel; Oriel, Christina M. (January 9, 2021). "Pinoy 'Walis Tambo' In A Sea Of Red: Fil-Am Trump Supporters Among Those Who Stormed US Capitol". Asian Journal. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
    Edwards, Jonathan (May 28, 2021). "FBI arrests suspected Capitol insurrectionist in Norfolk, flexes investigative muscle". The Virginian-Pilot. Norfolk. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  112. ↑ Tomacruz, Sofia (January 7, 2021). "Filipinos among Trump supporters who stormed US Capitol". Rappler. Esquire Financing Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  113. ↑ Elemia, Camille (November 3, 2020). "Why many Filipino Americans are still voting for Donald Trump". Rappler. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  114. ↑ Beshay (August 6, 2024). "Filipino Americans: A Survey Data Snapshot". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  115. ↑ "Why the Harris campaign has been aggressively courting Filipino Americans in Nevada". NBC News. October 2, 2024.
  116. ↑ Beltran, Sam (November 6, 2024). "More Filipinos favour Trump over Harris in US presidential election, survey shows". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong: Alibaba Group. Retrieved May 5, 2026.
  117. ↑ Subramanian, Sribala (December 11, 2024). "Did Filipino-Americans Help Trump Win Nevada?". The Diplomat. Washington, D.C.: MHT Corporation. Retrieved May 5, 2026.
  118. ↑ Quiambao, Oscar (January 31, 2026). "[Mind the Gap] The Pinoy MAGA: "I stand with ICE!"". Rappler. Pasig, Philippines: Dolphin Fire Group. Retrieved May 5, 2026.
  119. ↑ Reimers, David M. (2005). Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of The American People. NYU Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8147-7535-6.
  120. ↑ Edmund M. Silvestre (January 18, 2009). "A Fil-Am on Capitol Hill". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 29, 2011. There are now three members of U.S. Congress with Filipino lineage: Rep. Robert "Bobby" Scott, an African-American representing Virginia's 3rd congressional district; and Sen. John Ensign of Nevada.
    Maxwell, Rahasaan (March 5, 2012). Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-107-37803-2. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019. These numbers include politicians with only the slightest connection to the Philippines. For example, Bobby Scott of Virginia is commonly considered an African American and his only connection to the Philippines is one maternal grandmother. John Ensign of Nevada only has one Filipino great-grandparent.
  121. ↑ Peter Urban (May 3, 2011). "In final speech to Senate, Ensign apologizes to colleagues". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  122. ↑ Samson Wong (November 15, 2012). "The Party With The Parity". AsianWeek. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  123. ↑ Jonathan Strong (January 17, 2012). "How Rep. Steve Austria Became a Sacrificial Republican". Roll Call. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
    Rachel Weiner (December 30, 2011). "Ohio Republican Rep. Steve Austria retiring". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  124. ↑ Henni Espinosa (November 8, 2012). "Fil-Ams who won and lost in the US elections". ABS-CBN. Milpitas, California. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
    Bill Sizemore (November 7, 2012). "Results: Scott cruises to re-election in 3rd District". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  125. ↑ Almadin-Thornhill, Lenn (December 4, 2018). "Virginia Rep. Bobby Scott on TJ Cox, Beginning A New Term in Congress". Balitang America. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
    "2 Fil-Ams take oath as members of 116th US Congress". GMA News. Philippines. January 5, 2019. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  126. ↑ "Fil-Am Rep. TJ Cox Concedes In Race For California's 21st Congressional District". Asian Journal. December 10, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  127. ↑ Kochhar, Rakesh (May 31, 2024). "The State of the American Middle Class". Pew Research Center. Retrieved July 1, 2026.
  128. ↑ Kochhar, Rakesh (May 31, 2024). "The State of the Asian American Middle Class". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  129. ↑ "Explore Census Data". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  130. ↑ "Explore Census Data". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  131. ↑ Budiman, Abby (April 29, 2021). "Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  132. ↑ Alsaybar, Bangele Deguzman (2007). "Youth Groups and Youth Savers: Gangs, Crews, and the Rise of Filipino American Youth Culture in Los Angeles" (PDF). University of California San Diego. Retrieved July 1, 2026.
  133. ↑ "Real Median Personal Income in the United States". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved July 1, 2026.
  134. ↑ RISE Report_Nadal.pdf
  135. ↑ "Explore Census Data". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  136. 1 2 "Understanding economic disparities within the AAPI community". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  137. ↑ 2018FreeingOurFuturesPERE.pdf
  138. ↑ "The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles | Importance of Wealth". Color of Wealth. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  139. 1 2 "Facts about Asian American Hunger". Feeding America. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  140. ↑ Budiman, Abby (April 29, 2021). "Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  141. ↑ "Explore Census Data". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  142. ↑ Neil G. Ruiz; Luis Noe-Bustamante; Sono Shah (May 8, 2023). "2. Asian Americans and life in America". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  143. ↑ Neil G. Ruiz; Carolyne Im; Christine Huang; Laura Silver (July 19, 2023). "2. Filipino Americans' views of the Philippines and other places". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  144. ↑ "Why the Harris campaign has been aggressively courting Filipino Americans in Nevada". NBC News. October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  145. ↑ "Explore Census Data". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  146. ↑ Eric Arnesen (2007). Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History: G-N; Index. Taylor & Francis. p. 1300. ISBN 978-0-415-96826-3.
  147. ↑ Melen McBride, RN (October 1, 2001). "Health and Health Care of Filipino American Elders". Curriculum in Ethnogeriatrics, Second Edition. Stanford University. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
  148. ↑ Barbara Mercedes Posadas (January 1, 1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7. Grace J. Yoo; Mai-Nhung Le; Alan Y. Oda (June 4, 2012). Handbook of Asian American Health. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4614-2226-6.
  149. ↑ Barbara Mercedes Posadas (January 1, 1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7. Alan M. Kraut; David A. Gerber (November 6, 2013). Ethnic Historians and the Mainstream: Shaping America's Immigration Story. Rutgers University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8135-6226-1. Michael D. Sumner; Monique W. Morris; Mary Louise Frampton; Jessica Z. Borja (September 2008). "Proposition 209 and Public Employment in California: Trends in Workforce Diversity" (PDF). Berkeley Law. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
  150. ↑ Mary Yu Danico (September 3, 2014). Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. pp. 872–874. ISBN 978-1-4522-8189-6.
  151. ↑ Maria P. P. Root; Jonathan Y. Okamura; Amefil R. Agbayani (May 20, 1997). "Pamantasan: Filipino American Higher Education". Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE Publications. pp. 183–197. ISBN 978-1-4522-4955-1. Thanh Thuy Vo Dang (2008). Anticommunism as Cultural Praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-549-56017-3.[permanent dead link]
  152. ↑ Kevin Nadal (March 23, 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1. Ronald H. Bayor (July 31, 2011). Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-313-35786-2.
  153. ↑ "The Filipino Diaspora in the United States" (PDF). Rockefeller-Aspen Diaspora Program. Migration Policy Institute. February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2014. "The Filipino Diaspora in the United States". October 21, 2014. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Alt URL
  154. ↑ "Exploitation of Filipino domestic workers 'widespread' in the US". South China Morning Post. August 4, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  155. ↑ "Professor reveals Filipino caregivers in U.S. vulnerable to exploitation during pandemic". SF State News. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  156. 1 2 3 "Survey of Business Owners – Asian-Owned Firms: 2007". Survey of Business Owners. United States Census Bureau. September 29, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  157. ↑ "Table 7. Summary Statistics for Asian-Owned Firms by Detailed Group (Percent Changes): 2002 to 2007" (PDF). Survey of Business Owners. United States Census Bureau. April 28, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  158. ↑ "Filipino-Owned Firms" (PDF). Survey of Business Owners. United States Census Bureau. April 28, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  159. ↑ "Survey of Business Owners - Summaries of Findings - Business & Industry - U.S. Census Bureau". December 10, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  160. ↑ asian_chart4.pdf
  161. ↑ "The Mass Emigration of Filipino Nurses to the United States". Harvard International Review. October 21, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  162. ↑ Filipino American caregivers reflect on COVID trauma and healing : Shots - Health News : NPR
  163. ↑ Cachero, Paulina (May 30, 2021). "How Filipino Nurses Have Propped Up America's Medical System". TIME. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  164. ↑ "Filipino Teachers Recruited to Meet U.S. Shortage". The Sunday Gazette. September 8, 2002. Retrieved December 28, 2012. Goldstein, Dana (May 2, 2018). "Teacher Pay Is So Low in Some U.S. School Districts That They're Recruiting Overseas". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2021. Sarmiento, Alice (December 5, 2019). "Green cards for Filipino teacher the answer to U.S. shortage?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. NextDayBetter. Retrieved November 14, 2021. Mabe, Rachel (August 25, 2020). "Trafficking in Teachers". Oxford American. No. 109/110. Oxford, Mississippi: The Oxford American Literary Project, Inc. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  165. ↑ Robert Samuels (May 6, 2011). "Filipino teachers in Pr. George's caught in middle of labor dispute". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2012. Nimfa U. Rueda (March 4, 2012). "'Dream come true' turns to nightmare for Filipino teachers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 28, 2012. Jablon, Robert (December 18, 2012). "LA jury awards $4.5 million to Filipino teachers". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Retrieved November 14, 2021. Pfeifer, Stuart (December 18, 2012). "Jury awards $4.5 million to teachers recruited from Philippines". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 14, 2021. "Filipino teachers still awaiting $4.5M from federal lawsuit". Shreveport, Louisiana: KSLA. March 7, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  166. ↑ "Overseas Filipino Remittances". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2006.
  167. ↑ "More than 3.4M Americans trace their ancestry to the Philippines". Fact Tank. Pew Research Center. November 13, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  168. ↑ Venzon, Cliff (February 15, 2022). "Philippines 'modern-day heroes' sent record remittances last year". Japan: Nikkei Asia. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  169. ↑ Yengoyan, Aram A. (2006). "Christianity and Austronesian Transformations: Church, Polity, and Culture in the Philippines and the Pacific". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Comparative Austronesian Series. Australian National University E Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4.
    Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State And Society In The Philippines. State and Society in East Asia Series. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    Natale, Samuel M.; Rothschild, Brian M.; Rothschield, Brian N. (1995). Work Values: Education, Organization, and Religious Concerns. Volume 28 of Value inquiry book series. Rodopi. p. 133. ISBN 978-90-5183-880-0. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    Munoz, J. Mark; Alon, Ilan (2007). "Entrepreneurship among Filipino immigrants". In Dana, Leo Paul (ed.). Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management. Elgar Original Reference Series. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-84720-996-2. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  170. ↑ Irisa Ona (April 15, 2015). "Fluidity of Filipino American Identity". Engaged Learning. Southern Methodist University. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
    The Historic Filipinotown Health Network; Semics LLC (November 2007). "Culture and Health Among Filipinos and Filipino-Americans in Central Los Angeles" (PDF). Search to Involve Pilipino Americans. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  171. ↑ Bautista, Amanda Vinluan (May 2014). Filipino American Culture And Traditions: An Exploratory Study (PDF) (Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Social Work). California State University, Stanislaus. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  172. ↑ See, Sarita Echavez (2009). The Decolonized Eye: Filipino American Art and Performance. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5319-5. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  173. ↑ Tyner, James A. (2007). "Filipinos: The Invisible Ethnic Community". In Miyares, Ines M.; Airress, Christopher A. (eds.). Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 264–266. ISBN 978-0-7425-3772-9.Filipino Americans at Google Books
  174. ↑ Carlo Osi (March 26, 2009). "Filipino cuisine on US television". Mind Feeds. Inquirer Company. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. In the United States, the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultural groups often bond for organizational purposes, while Filipinos in general have not. Ethnically Filipino Americans are divided into Pampangeno, Ilocano, Cebuano, Tagalog, and so forth.
  175. ↑ Guevarra, Rudy P. Jr. (2008). ""Skid Row": Filipinos, Race and the Social Construction of Space in San Diego" (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. 54 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
    Lagierre, Michel S. (2000). The global ethnopolis: Chinatown, Japantown, and Manilatown in American society. New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-312-22612-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  176. ↑ Sterngass, Jon (2006). Filipino Americans. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-7910-8791-6. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  177. ↑ Melendy, H. Brett (2014). "Filipino Americans". Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America (3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-7550-9.
  178. ↑ Sri Kuhnt-Saptodewo; Volker Grabowsky; Martin Grossheim (1997). "Colonialism, Conflict and Cultural Identity in the Philippines". Nationalism and Cultural Revival in Southeast Asia: Perspectives from the Centre and the Region. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 247. ISBN 978-3-447-03958-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Garcia, Gabriel (September 29, 2016). "Filipinos helped shape America of today". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Paul A. Rodell (2002). Culture and Customs of the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-313-30415-6. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Barrameda, Ina (May 8, 2018). "Confessions of an Inglisera". Buzzfeed News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  179. ↑ Esmaquel II, Paterno (October 21, 2016). "Envoy reminds PH: 43% of OFW remittances come from US". Rappler. Philippines. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  180. ↑ Joaquin Jay Gonzalez (February 1, 2009). Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8147-3297-7. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  181. ↑ Jonathan Y. Okamura (January 11, 2013). "Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora". Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-136-53071-5. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  182. ↑ Orendian, Simone (July 17, 2013). "Remittances Play Significant Role in Philippines". VOA. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Victoria P. Garchitoreno (May 2007). Diaspora Philanthropy: The Philippine Experience (PDF) (Report). Convention on Biological Diversity. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Taylor, Marisa (March 27, 2006). "Filipinos follow their hearts home". The Virginia-Pilot. Norfolk, Virginia. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  183. 1 2 Pido, Eric J. (May 5, 2017). Migrant Returns: Manila, Development, and Transnational Connectivity. Duke University Press. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8223-7312-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  184. ↑ Garcia, Nelson (April 23, 2017). "Special: Traveling to find lost heritage". KUSA. Denver. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Tagala, Don (September 27, 2018). ""Diskubre" New Travel Reality Series Brings Young Filipino American Cast Overseas". Balitang American. Redwood Shores, California. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Faye Caronan (May 30, 2015). Legitimizing Empire: Filipino American and U.S. Puerto Rican Cultural Critique. University of Illinois Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-0-252-09730-0. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  185. ↑ Shyong, Frank (April 28, 2018). "These boxes are a billion-dollar industry of homesickness for Filipinos overseas". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Diana Mata-Codesal; Maria Abranches; Karina Hof (August 9, 2017). "A Hard Look at the Balikbayan Box: The Philippine Disapora's Export Hospitality". Food Parcels in International Migration: Intimate Connections. Springer. pp. 94–114. ISBN 978-3-319-40373-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  186. 1 2 Cowen, Tyler (2012). An Economist Gets Lunch: New Rules for Everyday Foodies. Penguin. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-101-56166-9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2012. Yet, according to one source, there are only 481 Filipino restaurants in the country;
  187. 1 2 3 Shaw, Steven A. (2008). Asian Dining Rules: Essential Strategies for Eating Out at Japanese, Chinese, Southeast Asian, Korean, and Indian Restaurants. New York, New York: HarperCollins. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-06-125559-5. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  188. 1 2 3 Dennis Clemente (July 1, 2010). "Where is Filipino food in the US marketplace?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  189. ↑ Alice L. McLean (April 28, 2015). Asian American Food Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-56720-690-6. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  190. ↑ Woods, Damon L. (2006). The Philippines: a global studies handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
    Jennifer Jensen Wallach; Lindsey R. Swindall; Michael D. Wise (February 12, 2016). The Routledge History of American Foodways. Routledge. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-317-97522-9. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  191. ↑ Sokolov, Raymond (1993). Why We Eat What We Eat: How Columbus Changed the Way the World Eats. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-671-79791-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  192. ↑ "A Brief History of Filipinos in Hawaii". Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii-Manoa. 2010. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  193. ↑ Carpenter, Robert; Carpenter, Robert E.; Carpenter, Cindy V. (2005). Oahu Restaurant Guide 2005 With Honolulu and Waikiki. Havana, Illinois: Holiday Publishing Inc. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-931752-36-7. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  194. ↑ Johnson-Kozlow, Marilyn; Matt, Georg; Rock, Cheryl; de la Rosa, Ruth; Conway, Terry; Romero, Romina (June 25, 2011). "Assessment of Dietary Intakes of Filipino-Americans: Implications for Food Frequency Questionnaire Design". Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 43 (6): 505–510. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2010.09.001. PMC 3204150. PMID 21705276.
  195. ↑ Katrina Stuart Santiago (June 8, 2011). "Balut as Pinoy pride". GMA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. The balut is one claim to fame we're uncertain about, seeing as it is equated with hissing cockroaches on Fear Factor. Talk about bringing us back to the dark ages of being the exotic and barbaric brown siblings of America.
  196. ↑ Carlo Osi (March 26, 2006). "Filipino cuisine on US television". Global Nation. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  197. ↑ Keli Dailey (February 9, 2012). "Andrew Zimmern's eating through San Diego". The San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2013. "Tita's sisig, best I have ever tasted . San Diego Philippine (sic) food is crazy good," he tweeted.
  198. ↑ Fernandez, Doreen (2003). "Culture Ingested: On the Indigenization of Phillipine [sic] Food". Gastronomica. 3: 58–71. doi:10.1525/gfc.2003.3.1.58.
  199. 1 2 Amy Scattergood (February 25, 2011). "Off the menu". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  200. ↑ Laudan, Rachel (1996). The food of Paradise: exploring Hawaii's culinary heritage. Seattle: University of Hawaii Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8248-1778-7. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  201. ↑ Alejandro, Reynaldo (1985). The Philippine cookbook. New York, New York: Penguin. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-399-51144-8. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
    Civitello, Linda (2011). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. John Wiley and Sons. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-118-09875-2. Retrieved June 30, 2011. Just as Filipino people are part Malay, Chinese and Spanish, so is the cuisine of their seven-thousand-island nation
    Philippines Country Study Guide. Int'l Business Publications. 2007. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4330-3970-6. Retrieved June 30, 2011. Throughout the centuries, the islands have incorporated the cuisine of the early Malay settlers, Arab and Chinese traders, and Spanish and American colonizers along with other Oriental and Occidental accent and flavours.[permanent dead link]
    Morgolis, Jason (February 6, 2014). "Why is it so hard to find a good Filipino restaurant?". Public Radio International. Retrieved December 17, 2014. Philippine food has Chinese, Malaysian, Spanish and American influences—all cultures that have shaped the Philippines.
  202. ↑ Melanie Henson Narciso (2005). Filipino Meal Patterns in the United States of America (PDF) (Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree). University of Wisconsin-Stout. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  203. ↑ Kristy, Yang (July 30, 2011). "Filipino Food: At Least One Reason to Envy California". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
    Bray, Jared (February 2, 2011). "Filipino Cuisine a New Hit in Salt Lake City". ABS-CBN. North America Bureau. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
    Berndes, Barry (1981). The SAN DIEGAN - 41st Edition. The SAN DIEGAN. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-890226-13-8. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    Vergara, Benito (2008). Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. Asian American history and culture. Temple University Press. pp. 41, 149. ISBN 978-1-59213-664-3. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
    Tovin Lapan (December 3, 2009). "Training day at Tita's Kitchenette". The San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  204. ↑ Krean Given (November 13, 2012). "In Southern California, Filipino restaurants crowd the strip malls". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
    Marc Ballon (September 16, 2002). "Jollibee Struggling to Expand in U.S." Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
    Berger, Sarah (April 3, 2019). "Why everyone is obsessed with Jollibee fast food — from its sweet spaghetti to fried chicken better than KFC". New York: CNBC. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  205. ↑ Mishan, Ligaya (November 15, 2011). "Authentic Filipino Modern Times". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
    Wells, Pete (November 29, 2016). "Review of Bad Saint in New York Times". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
    Mishan, Ligaya (March 12, 2018). "Filipino Food Finds a Place in the American Mainstream". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  206. ↑ "Nicole Ponseca Aims to Bring Filipino Food 'to the Masses'". NBC News. October 11, 2016. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
    Rocha, Michael James (April 19, 2018). "San Diego chefs to showcase Filipino cuisine at screening of 'Ulam: Main Dish' documentary". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
    Kauffman, Jonathan (January 7, 2016). "The Bay Area's Filipino Food Movement sparks a national conversation". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
    "Ep. 2, Barkada: L.A.'s Exploding Filipino Food Movement". The Migrant. KCET. October 24, 2016. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  207. ↑ Neff, Lydia (October 8, 2016). "Filipino Food Movement panned as it goes to Oakland, Calif". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  208. ↑ Knowlton, Andrew (August 16, 2016). "No. 02". Bon Appetit. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  209. ↑ Rothman, Jordana. "Food & Wine Restaurants of the Year 2018". Food & Wine. Archived from the original on April 15, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  210. ↑ Kim, Gene; Appolonia, Alexandra (August 16, 2017). "Andrew Zimmern: Filipino food will be the next big thing in America — here's why". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  211. ↑ McNeilly, Claudia (June 1, 2017). "How Filipino Food Is Becoming the Next Great American Cuisine". Vogue. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  212. ↑ Kane, Peter Lawrence (February 21, 2019). "FOB Kitchen Deserves to Become a Filipino Hotspot". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  213. 1 2 3 4 Kuroki, Yusuke (2015). "Risk Factors for Suicidal Behaviors Among Filipino Americans: A Data Mining Approach". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 85 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1037/ort0000018. PMID 25110976.
  214. ↑ Mendoza, S. Lily; Perkinson, Jim (2003). "Filipino "Kapwa" in Global Dialogue: A Different Politics of Being-With the "Other"". Intercultural Communication Studies. 12: 177–194.
  215. ↑ Nadal, Kevin (2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  216. ↑ Samura, Michelle (2014). "Wrestling with expectations: An Examination of How Asian American College Students Negotiate Personal, Parental, and Societal Expectations". Journal of College Student Development. 56 (6): 602–618. doi:10.1353/csd.2015.0065. S2CID 143082945. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  217. ↑ Ocampo, Anthony Christian (2016). The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  218. 1 2 Dominador D. Buhain (1998). A History of Publishing in the Philippines. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 30–39. ISBN 978-971-23-2324-9. OCLC 39887298.
  219. 1 2 3 Mansfield-Richardson, Virginia (June 23, 2014). Asian Americans and the Mass Media: A Content Analysis of Twenty United States Newspapers and a Survey of Asian American Journalists. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-77614-7.
  220. 1 2 Vengua, Jean (Fall 2010). Migrant Scribes an Poet-Advocates: U.S. Filipino Literary History in West Coast Periodicals, 1905 to 1941 (PDF) (dissertation). University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  221. ↑ Fuentecilla, Jose V. (April 2013). Fighting from a Distance: How Filipino Exiles Helped Topple a Dictator. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09509-2.
  222. ↑ Bonus, Rick (2000). Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. Temple University Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-1-56639-779-7. OCLC 247680319.
  223. ↑ Merskin, Debra L., ed. (November 12, 2019). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-7554-0. OCLC 1130315057.
  224. ↑ Bonifacio, Glenda Tibe (November 15, 2013). Pinay on the Prairies: Filipino Women and Transnational Identities. UBC Press. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-0-7748-2582-5. OCLC 1036280558.
  225. ↑ Gonzalez, Joaquin Jay (February 1, 2009). Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-8147-3297-7.
  226. ↑ Martinez, Kathleen Melissa (2007). Finding a Home for Filipino-American Dual Citizens: Membership and the Filipino National Identity (PDF) (Master of Arts in Communication, Culture and Technology thesis). Georgetown University. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  227. ↑ Carlos H. Conde (May 11, 2004). "Philippine Elections Are Marred by Violence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2012. This was also the first time the Philippines allowed absentee voting for Filipinos overseas. About 200,000 of the 350,000 overseas voters cast their votes.
    "Number of Overseas Absentee Voters as of March 12, 2004" (PDF). National Statistical Coordination Board. March 12, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  228. ↑ Chen, Edith Wen-Chu (2010). Yoo, Grace J. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-313-34751-1. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  229. ↑ "Batas Pambansa Bilang. 185". Chanrobles Virtual law Library. March 16, 1982. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008. (Section 2)
    "Republic Act No. 8179". Supreme Court E-Library. March 28, 1996. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008. (Section 5)
  230. ↑ Nadia Trinidad; Don Tagala (May 14, 2013). "Why most Filipinos in US didn't vote". ABS CBN North America Bureau. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
  231. ↑ Jamal Thalji (November 16, 2001). "Student charged in fight will swim at state meet". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  232. ↑ Nelson, Shane (2008). "Personal Best". Honolulu Magazine. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  233. ↑ "Balikbayan Program". Consulate General of the Philippines in Los Angeles. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  234. 1 2 3 "Introduction: Filipino Settlements in the United States" (PDF). Temple University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Since 1979, over 40,000 Filipinos have been admitted annually, making the Philippines the second largest source of all immigration, surpassed only by Mexico.
  235. ↑ "Immigration Preferences and Waiting Lists". lawcom.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
  236. ↑ "Green-card limbo". Manila Times. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved December 15, 2006.
  237. ↑ "Annual Report of Immigrant Visa Applicants in the Family-sponsored and Employment-based preferences Registered at the National Visa Center as of November 1, 2016" (PDF). United States Bureau of Consular Affair. November 1, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  238. ↑ "Families of Filipino World War II vets largely still waiting for visa, dozen years later". Public Radio International. April 10, 2013. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  239. ↑ Rick Bonus (2000). Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. Temple University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-56639-779-7. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
    Alex Tizon. "My Family's Slave". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  240. ↑ Hoefer, Michael; Rytina, Nancy; Baker, Bryan C. (January 2010). "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2009" (PDF). DHS Office of Immigration Statistics, United States Department of Homeland Security. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
  241. ↑ Stoney, Sierra; Batalova, Jeanne (June 5, 2013). "Filipino Immigrants in the United States". Migration Information Source. ISSN 1946-4037. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  242. ↑ Layug, Margaret Claire (August 10, 2017). "Trump's Raise Act to cost 400k Filipinos chance to live in US, says expert". GMA News. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  243. ↑ Philip Ella Juico (February 6, 2013). "Ex-Star columnist makes mark in US". Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
    Gonzalez, Joaquin (2009). Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8147-3297-7. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  244. ↑ "New study reveals previously invisible health issues among Asians in U.S." NBC News. February 24, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  245. ↑ Shaping Health in Hawaii: The Influences of Poverty, Housing and Food Insecurity
  246. ↑ "1 in 3 local households experience food insecurity, Hawaiʻi Foodbank reports". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. May 30, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  247. ↑ Food Security and Diet Quality in Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and Filipino Infants 3 to 12 Months of Age - PMC
  248. 1 2 Nadal, Kevin (2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-118-01975-7. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  249. ↑ Antonio T. Tiongson; Edgardo V. Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez; Ricardo V. Gutierrez (2006). Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse. Temple University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-59213-123-5. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  250. ↑ M. Licudine v. D. Winter, JR 1086, p. 5 (U.S. District Court for D.C. 2008).
    Nadal, Kevin (2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  251. 1 2 Henry Yu. "Asian Americans" (PDF). Department of History, University of British Columbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  252. ↑ Guerrero, AP; Nishimura, ST; Chang, JY; Ona, C; Cunanan, VL; Hishinuma, ES (2010). "Low cultural identification, low parental involvement and adverse peer influences as risk factors for delinquent behaviour among Filipino youth in Hawaiʻi". International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 56 (4): 371–387. doi:10.1177/0020764009102772. PMID 19617281. S2CID 40241211.
  253. ↑ Okamura, Jonathan Y. (2008). Ethnicity and inequality in Hawaiʻi. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-59213-755-8. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    Corky Trinidad (December 11, 2005). "The vanishing Filipinos". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
  254. 1 2 Kiang, Lisa; Takeuchi, David T. (2009). "Phenotypic Bias and Ethnic Identity in Filipino Americans". Social Science Quarterly. 90 (2): 428–445. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00625.x. PMC 2811329. PMID 20107617.
    David, E.J.R. (2008). "A Colonial Mentality Model of Depression for Filipino Americans" (PDF). Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 14 (2): 118–127. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.118. PMID 18426284. S2CID 46240895. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
  255. ↑ Okamura, Jonathan Y. (1998). Ng, Franklin (ed.). Imagining the Filipino American diaspora: transnational relations, identities, and communities. Taylor & Francis. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8153-3183-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    McFerson, Hazel M. (2002). Mixed blessing: the impact of the American colonial experience on politics and society in the Philippines. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-313-30791-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  256. ↑ Okamura, Jonathan Y. (1998). Ng, Franklin (ed.). Imagining the Filipino American diaspora: transnational relations, identities, and communities. Taylor & Francis. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8153-3183-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  257. ↑ Nadal, Kevin (2010). Filipino American Psychology: A Collection of Personal Narratives. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-470-95136-1. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  258. ↑ Haya El Nasser (May 13, 2008). "Study: Some immigrants assimilate faster". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
    N.C. aizenman (May 13, 2008). "Study Says Foreigners in U.S. Adapt Quickly". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
    Chen, Desiree; Yates, Ronald E.; Hirsley, Michael; Matsushita, Elaine T. (April 27, 1992). "Filipino Americans Set Standard For Fitting In". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  259. ↑ Scattergood, Amy (February 25, 2010). "Off the menu". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011. That Filipino food has, by and large, not been assimilated into mainstream American cuisine is ironic, given how adept Filipinos historically have been at assimilating into other dominant cultures (the country is Catholic; English is the second official language), and given how assimilated the myriad cuisines have been within the country itself.
  260. ↑ Nakanishi, Don T.; James S. Lai (2003). Asian American politics: law, participation, and policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7425-1850-6. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  261. ↑ "Asian Americans: Growth and Diversity". Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
    Bernardo, Joseph (2014). From "Little Brown Brothers" to "Forgotten Asian Americans": Race, Space, and Empire in Filipino Los Angeles (Ph.D.). University of Washington. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
    David, E.J.R. (April 6, 2016). "Why Are Filipino Americans Still Forgotten and Invisible?". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  262. 1 2 3 4 Nakano, Satoshi (June 2004). "The Filipino World War II veterans equity movement and the Filipino American community" (PDF). Seventh Annual International Philippine Studies: 53–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2015. Alt URL Archived 2017-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
  263. ↑ Whitney, Philip B. (July–September 1972). "Forgotten Minority: Filipinos in the United States". Bulletin of Bibliography and Magazine Notes (3): 73–83.
    Cathy J. Schlund-Vials; K. Scott Wong; Jason Oliver Chang (January 10, 2017). Asian America: A Primary Source Reader. Yale University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-300-22519-8. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
    Lon Kurashige; Alice Yang (July 6, 2015). Major Problems in Asian American History. Cengage Learning. p. 338. ISBN 978-1-305-85560-1. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  264. ↑ Maxwell, Rahsaan (2012). Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–208, 274. ISBN 978-1-107-00481-8.
  265. ↑ Okamura, Jonathan Y. (1998). Imagining the Filipino American diaspora: transnational relations, identities, and communities. Taylor & Francis. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8153-3183-4.
    Sterngass, Jon (2006). Filipino Americans. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7910-8791-6.
  266. ↑ Mendoza, Susanah Lily L. (2002). Between the homeland and the diaspora: the politics of theorizing Filipino and Filipino American identities: a second look at the poststructuralism-indigenization debates. Psychology Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-415-93157-1. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  267. ↑ Buenavista, Tracy Lachica; Jayakumar, Uma M.; Misa-Escalante, Kimberly (2009). "Contextualizing Asian American education through critical race theory: An example of U.S. Pilipino college student experiences" (PDF). New Directions for Institutional Research. 2009 (142): 69–81. doi:10.1002/ir.297. hdl:2027.42/63048. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  268. ↑ Sterngass, Jon (2006). Filipino Americans. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7910-8791-6.
  269. ↑ Belinda A. Aquino (December 10, 2006). "The Filipino Century in Hawaii: Out of the Crucible" (PDF). Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  270. ↑ "The Invisible Minority". The Harvard Crimson. January 17, 2003. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  271. ↑ "America's 'Invisible' Minority Is Ready for Its Closeup". Voice of America. February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  272. ↑ Nguyen, Mimi Thi (2007). Thuy Linh N. Tu (ed.). Alien encounters: popular culture in Asian America. Duke University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8223-3922-9. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    Cropp, Fritz; Frisby, Cynthia M.; Mills, Dean (2003). Journalism across cultures. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwel. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-8138-1999-0. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
    Tojo Thatchenkery (March 31, 2000). "Asian Americans Under the Model Minority Gaze". International Association of Business Disciplines National Conference. modelminority.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
    Ho-Asjoe, Henrietta (2009). William Baragar Bateman (ed.). Praeger handbook of Asian American health: taking notice and taking action. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-34703-0. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  273. ↑ Espiritu, Yen Le (2003). Home Bound: Filipino American Lives Across Cultures, Communities, and Countries. University of California Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-520-23527-4.
  274. ↑ Baker, Lee D. (2004). Life in America: Identity and Everyday Experience. John Wiley & Sons. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4051-0564-4. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  275. ↑ Tiongson, Antonio T.; Gutierrez, Edgardo Valencia (2006). Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez (ed.). Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities And Discourse. Temple University Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-1-59213-122-8. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  276. ↑ "In the Court of the Sultan: Orientalism, Nationalism, and Modernity in Philippine and Filipino American Dance" (PDF). Sites.uci.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  277. ↑ IV, Martin F. Manalansan (December 10, 2003). Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora. Duke University Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8223-3217-6. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  278. 1 2 3 Gaw, Albert (June 2007). "Mental Health Care of Filipino Americans". Psychiatric Services. 58 (6): 810–815. doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.6.810. PMID 17535941. S2CID 21011242.
  279. 1 2 Heras, Patricia (2001). "Silent Sacrifices: Voices of the Filipino American Family". APA PsycNet Direct. doi:10.1037/e575322010-001.
  280. ↑ Wolf, Diane L. (September 1997). "Family Secrets: Transnational Struggles among Children of Filipino Immigrants". Sociological Perspectives. 40 (3): 457–482. doi:10.2307/1389452. ISSN 0731-1214. JSTOR 1389452. S2CID 146833922.
  281. ↑ Rumbaut, Ruben G. (1994). "The Crucible within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants". International Migration Review. 28 (4): 748–794. doi:10.2307/2547157. ISSN 0197-9183. JSTOR 2547157.
  282. ↑ Ta, Van (2017). "Generational Status and Family Cohesion Effects on the Receipt of Mental Health Services Among Asian Americans: Findings from the National Latino and Asian American Study". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (1): 115–121. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160762. PMC 2791260. PMID 19910344.
  283. 1 2 Chang, Janet (2018). "Ethnically Heterogeneous Friendships and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Among Filipino Americans". Asian American Journal of Psychology. 9 (2): 158–168. doi:10.1037/aap0000102. S2CID 148888783. Archived from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  284. ↑ Evangeline Canonizado Buell; Evelyn Luluguisen; Lillian Galedo; Eleanor Hipol Luis (2008). Filipinos in the East Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-5832-5. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
    Maria Virginia Yap Morales (2006). Diary of the war: World War II memoirs of Lt. Col. Anastacio Campo. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-971-550-489-8. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    Griner, Allison (August 18, 2018). "They fought and died for America. Then America turned its back". The Week. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  285. 1 2 "Asian Heritage in the National Park Service Cultural Resources Programs" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  286. ↑ Keith Rogers (January 21, 2013). "100-year-old Filipino-American veteran dies". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013. About 10,000 live in the United States and 14,000 are in the Philippines.
  287. ↑ Joseph Pimental (January 12, 2011). "Bill to give Filipino WWII veterans full equality". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
    Matsukawa, Lori (May 11, 2017). "Filipino American WWII veteran gets Congressional Gold Medal". Seattle, Washington: KING. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017. Julian Nicholas is one of about 18,000 surviving Filipino American veterans from World War II, and he's getting a congressional gold medal at age 91.
  288. ↑ Josh Levs (February 23, 2009). "U.S. to pay 'forgotten' Filipino World War II veterans". CNN. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  289. ↑ Federis, Marnette (August 4, 2006). "The Forgotten Veterans". Voice of San Diego. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  290. ↑ Frank, Sarah (2005). Filipinos in America. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lerner Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8225-4873-7. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    Kimberely Jane T. Tan (September 7, 2009). "Fil-Am photographer pays tribute to 'America's second-class veterans'". GMA News. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  291. ↑ Chen, Edith Wen-Chu (2010). Yoo, Grace J. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-34751-1.
  292. ↑ Cabotaje, Michael A. (January 1999). "Equity Denied: Historical and Legal Analyses in Support of the Extension of U.S. Veterans' Benefits to Filipino World War II Veterans". Asian American Law Journal. 6 (1): 67–97. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  293. ↑ "US senators revive call for full benefits to Filipino WWII veterans". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippines. February 28, 2018. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  294. ↑ Richard Simon (January 30, 2013). "Philippine vets still fighting their battle over WWII". Stars and Stripes. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  295. ↑ "Committees: H.R.111 [113th]". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. January 3, 2013. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  296. ↑ "Cosponsors: H.R.111 [113th]". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  297. ↑ Richard, Sam (January 3, 2017). "If not full recompense, Gold Medal is welcome recognition for WW II Filipino soldiers". East Bay Times. Hercules, California. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  298. ↑ Henni Espinosa (January 17, 2011). "Filipino Veterans Group Pursues Lawsuits Despite New Equality Bill". Balitang America. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  299. ↑ "World War II Filipino Veteran Rights". Filipino American Curriculum Project, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  300. ↑ Maze, Rick (January 29, 2008). "Senate puts Filipino vet pensions in stimulus" (News Article). Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Buried inside the Senate bill, which includes tax cuts and new spending initiatives intended to create jobs in the U.S., the Filipino payment was inserted at the urging of Sen. Daniel Inouye, D-Hawaii, the new chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee and a longtime supporter of monthly pensions for World War II Filipino veterans.
  301. ↑ Bayron, Heda (March 25, 2009). "Filipino War Veterans Take Advantage of Delayed US Response". Voice Of America. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
    "Stimulus Bill Provides $198 Million for Filipino Veterans". Public and Intergovernmental Affairs, United States Department of Veterans Affairs. February 20, 2009. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  302. ↑ Representative Joe Heck (February 5, 2013). "Bidding Farewell to Two Members of the Las Vegas Mighty Five (House of Representatives)". Congressional Record. Library of Congress. Retrieved November 24, 2019. Congress finally acknowledged the dedicated service of many of these denied veterans when it established the Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund in 2009.
  303. ↑ Jaleco, Rodney (March 28, 2009). "Excluded Fil-Vets Now Eligible for Lump-Sum Money". ABS-CBN. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
  304. ↑ Joseph G. Lariosa (January 9, 2011). "Filipino Veterans Fairness bill filed at US Congress". GMA News. Retrieved September 30, 2012. The bill likewise proposes to invalidate the "quit claim" or the waiver of the right of Filipino veterans to receive future benefits, like a lifetime monthly pension, as provided for in the Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation (FVEC) of the $787-billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  305. ↑ JFAV (March 23, 2011). "WW II Filvet to lead delegation to US Congress for full equity". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
    Tarra Quismundo (February 23, 2013). "US willing to review Filipino veterans' denied claims". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  306. ↑ Merina, Dorian (July 31, 2018). "Their Last Fight: Filipino Veterans Make A Final Push For Recognition". Texas Public Radio. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  307. ↑ Dymphina Calica-La Putt (September 26, 2012). "Heck introduces bill to aid denied Filipino WWII vets". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
    Dymphna Calica-La Putt (February 2, 2013). "Nevada Solon to resubmit bill on Filvets compensation". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Asian Journal. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  308. ↑ "Committees: H.R.481 [113th]". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. February 4, 2013. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  309. ↑ Chuck N. Baker (March 6, 2013). "Filipino soldiers who fought for the U.S. now battle for benefits". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on September 24, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  310. ↑ Cynthia De Castro (September 18, 2012). "Special benefits available for WW II vets outside of US". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  311. ↑ Richards, Sam (January 3, 2017). "If not full recompense, Gold Medal is welcome recognition for WW II Filipino soldiers". East Bay Times. Hercules, California. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  312. ↑ Sanchez, Tatiana (July 14, 2016). "Family of Filipino vets can enter US under new program". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  313. ↑ Castillo, Walbert (October 25, 2017). "Fought and forgotten: Filipino World War II veterans honored with medal 75 years later". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
    Brekke, Dan (October 25, 2017). "To Help Heal an Unhappy History, Congress Awards Medal to Filipino World War II Vets". The California Report. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  314. ↑ Basco, Isabella (October 27, 2017). "Filipino WWII veterans officially awarded US Congressional Gold Medal". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  315. ↑ Hilbig, Valeska; Machado, Melinda (October 26, 2017). "Smithsonian Collects Filipino Congressional Gold Medal". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  316. ↑ Santos, Hector. "Sulat sa Tanso". Archived from the original on August 26, 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
  317. ↑ "history". Asian Pacific heritage. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  318. ↑ "Filipino Apostolate" (PDF). Our Lady of Hope Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Philadelphia. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  319. ↑ "PhilFest 2011". Philippine Cultural Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  320. ↑ "Asian Heritage Festival 2011". Asian/Pacific American Society. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  321. ↑ Tiffany Hill (May 19, 2011). "Field Guide: Filipino Fun". Honolulu Magazine. Aio. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
    Paul Raymund Cortes (June 3, 2011). "19 Annual Filipino Fiesta". Philippine Consulate General Honolulu. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  322. ↑ "Filipino-American Association of Philadelphia, Inc". Filipino-American Association of Philadelphia, Inc. 2011. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011. FAAPI also continues to hold the annual Mother of the Year celebration (started in 1950s) to honor motherhood on Mothers Day in May.
  323. ↑ "Flores de Mayo at Santacruzan". Center for Southeast Asian Studies Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Mark Rabago (June 26, 2006). "First-ever Flores de Mayo on Saipan tonight". Saipan Tribune. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    "Flores de Mayo at the San Gabriel Mission". Asian Journal. June 6, 2009. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  324. ↑ Jose Antonio Vargas (June 11, 2006). "Where Everyone Gets to Tagalog". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    "Washington Concert for Children's Choir". Manila Standard. April 16, 1993. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Rodney J. Jaleco (November 18, 2009). "Fil-Am is deputy mayor of US Capital". ABS-CBN North America News Bureau. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  325. ↑ "Filipino Art Exhibition and Workshop". Events and Programs Schedule. Passaic Public Library. Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Jim Belarmino (April 6, 1995). "Philippine parade in Passaic, N.J. on June 11". Filipino Reporter. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2011 – via HighBeam Research.
  326. ↑ "Vallejo Pista Sa Nayon". Philippine Cultural Committee. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  327. ↑ Quinto, Olivia J. "Empire State lights up for Filipinos—again". Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
  328. ↑ "Jersey City's Filipino community holds the 19th annual Friendship Day Parade and Festival". The Jersey Journal. June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Ricardo Kaulessar (July 18, 2010). "Rain on their parades". Hudson Reporter. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    "GMA stars grace New Jersey Fil-Am Day parade". The Philippine Star. July 2, 2010. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Vanessa Cubillo (July 29, 2010). "PHOTOS: 2010 Philippine American Friendship Day Parade". Jersey City Independent. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  329. ↑ "Fiesta Filipina USA". Fiesta Filipina USA. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    "San Francisco celebrates a Philippine Independence weekend". Linda B. Bollido. July 2, 2006. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Marconi Calindas (June 27, 2009). "RP stars celebrate Independence Day with Fil-Ams". Saipan Tribune. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Golin Harris (June 30, 2009). "The Filipino Channel Awards Kapamilya Circle Member 1 Million Philippine Pesos During Wowowee; San Jose Woman Wins At Special U.S. Edition Of Game Show". Business Wire. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  330. ↑ "Jose Rizal Day in Carson on June 19". Asian Journal. June 18, 2011. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    "Chicago Celebrates 150 years of Dr. Jose P. Rizal". Filipino American Historical Society of Chicago. 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  331. ↑ Holton, Paul, ed. (2007). Fodor's Seattle. New York: Random House Digital, Inc. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-4000-1854-3.
    Filipino Cultural Heritage Society of Washington. "Pagdiriwang Philippine Festival". Festal 2011. Seattle Center. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  332. ↑ Miller, Angelique (May 16, 2008). "Fil-Am Friendship Day slated for July 5". GMA News. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
    Lackey, Patrick K. (July 5, 1992). "Filipinos in are come together on July fourth \ Diverse group seeking unity". The Virginia-Pilot. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  333. ↑ "Pista Sa Nayon". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    "Seafair Highlights: Hollywood-themed parade". The Seattle Times. July 28, 2005. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    Evi Sztajino (July 25, 2008). "Seafair events to close streets around the city". Seattle Post Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  334. ↑ "Inaugural Filipino American Friendship Festival to take place today". San Diego: KUSI. July 31, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    Cohen, Ariana (July 31, 2021). "Filipino American Friendship Festival aims to promote positivity over hate". San Diego: KFMB-TV. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    Zabala, Liberty (July 31, 2021). "San Diego's Filipino American community celebrates historic firsts". San Diego: KSWB. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  335. ↑ "Filipino weekend". United Filipino weekend.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
    Kasiner, Dorothy (2000). Delano Area 1930–2000. Chicago, Illinois: Arcadia Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-7385-0775-0. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  336. ↑ "Philippine–American Expo". California Examiner. Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
    Coastro, Cynthia De (December 21, 2010). "Bernardo Bernardo: A Man of Many Hats". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  337. ↑ "Philippine Fiesta". philippinefiesta.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
    Tagala, Don (August 18, 2010). "Philippine Fiesta Draws Thousands to the East Coast". Balitang America. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  338. ↑ "St. Augustine Church, Philadelphia: Immigration & Filipino Transformation". Scribe Video Center. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
    Vivienne SM. Angeles (1998). ""Sinulog" in Philadelphia". The Pluralism Project. Harvard University. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  339. ↑ "Historic Filipinotown festival set this week". GMA News. August 1, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
    "Historic Filipinotown Festival/5KRun". Asian Journal. May 31, 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  340. ↑ "Pistahan Parade and Festival". Filipino American Arts Exposition. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
    Chong, Luis (August 13, 2010). "This Weekend: Huge Array of Filipino Eats at S.F.'s Annual Pistahan Festival". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on December 24, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  341. ↑ "Filipino Pride Day". We Filipinos Inc. 2010. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
    Conner, Deirdre (June 18, 2009). "Festival highlights Jacksonville's Filipino culture". The Florida Times-Union. Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  342. ↑ "FilAmArts". The Association for the Advancement of Filipino American Arts and Culture. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  343. ↑ Chio-Lauri, Jacqueline (September 18, 2018). The New Filipino Kitchen: Stories and Recipes from around the Globe. Agate Publishing. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-57284-820-7.
    "Adobofest Annual Festival Picnic at St. Paul Woods, Sept. 19". Pinoy News Magazine. Skokie. September 2015. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  344. ↑ "FilAmFest". Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
    "San Diego FilAmFest set for Oct. 5". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippines. September 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
    Malou Amparo (October 10, 2011). "Kicking off Pilipino-American History Month at the 8th Annual FilAmFest in San Diego". Bakitwhy.com. Kasama Media, LLC. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  345. ↑ "Taste lechon, join a balut-eating contest at the largest Filipino festival in Texas". September 23, 2023.
  346. ↑ "Tin tức- Du lịch - Phim Ảnh - Nghệ thuật - Kinh Doanh". The Chicago Filipino American Film Festival. Archived from the original on June 26, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  347. ↑ Gonzalez, Joaquin Lucero (2009). Filipino American faith in action: immigration, religion, and civic engagement. New York: NYU Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8147-3197-0.
  348. ↑ "Christmas: A National Fiesta". Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.

Further reading

[edit]
Archive
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipino_Americans&oldid=1376608371"