Deepfakes create a distinctive challenge for out-of-court dispute settlement (ODS) bodies under Article 21 of the Digital Services Act (DSA). When reviewing platform content-moderation decisions, ODS bodies may need to determine whether disputed content is AI-generated or manipulated. Yet they operate in a context of legal uncertainty, information asymmetries between users and platforms, and still-developing… Read more

The 2024 judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Public.Resource.Org and Right to Know v European Commission fundamentally reshaped the legal status of harmonised technical standards (HTS) by confirming that standards referenced in EU legislation form part of EU law and must be publicly accessible. A new policy brief examines… Read more

This policy paper analyses the practical functioning of Article 3 of the CDSM Directive, which grants research organisations (ROs) and cultural heritage institutions (CHIs) a mandatory exception permitting text-and-data mining (TDM) for scientific research. Using doctrinal analysis and qualitative interviews with ROs, CHIs, publishers, and experts, the study evaluates how the exception operates in practice… Read more

Ransomware is a form of cybercrime in which data are encrypted or copied and a ransom is demanded in exchange for restoring access or preventing publication. In the Netherlands, Project Melissa brings together the Public Prosecution Service, the police cybercrime team, the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), Cyberveilig Nederland and private cybersecurity firms. Within this… Read more