SQL Cheat Sheet in PDF and PNG Formats

The SQL cheat sheet provides you with the most commonly used SQL statements for your reference. You can download the SQL cheat sheet as follows:

Download the 3-page SQL cheat sheet in PDF format

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Querying data from a table #

Query data of column1 and column2 from a table:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name;

Query all data from a table:

SELECT
  *
FROM
  table_name;

Retrieve specific rows based on a condition:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
WHERE
  condition;

Query distinct rows from the column1 and column2 from a table:

SELECT DISTINCT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name;

Sort the result set in ascending order:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
ORDER BY
  column1;

Sort the result set in descending order:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
ORDER BY
  column2 DESC;

Skip m rows before returning the next n rows from a table:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table_name
ORDER BY
  column1
LIMIT
  n
OFFSET
  m;

Group rows and apply an aggregate function to each group:

SELECT
  column1,
  aggregate_fn (column2)
FROM
  table_name
GROUP BY
  column1;

Filter groups by a condition using HAVING clause:

SELECT
  column1,
  aggregate_fn (column2)
FROM
  table_name
GROUP BY
  column1
HAVING
  condition;

Querying data from multiple tables #

Perform an inner join of two tables:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  INNER JOIN table2 ON condition;

Perform a left join of two tables:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  LEFT JOIN table2 ON condition;

Perform a right join of two tables:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  RIGHT JOIN table2 ON condition;

Perform a full outer join:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON condition;

Perform a cross-join:

SELECT
  column1,
  column2
FROM
  table1
  CROSS JOIN table2;

Perform a self-join using an inner join:

SELECT t1.column1, t2.column2
FROM table1 t1
INNER JOIN table1 t2 ON condition;

Set operations #

Return the union of two result sets:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table1
UNION [ALL]
SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table2;

Return the intersection of two result sets:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table1
INTERSECT [ALL]
SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table2;

Subtract a result set from another result set:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table1
MINUS
SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table2;

Logical operators #

Query rows using pattern matching:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 [NOT] LIKE pattern;

Check if a value in a set of values:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 [NOT] IN (v1, v2, v3);

Check if a value is in a range of values:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 [NOT] BETWEEN low AND high;

Check if a value is NULL or not:

SELECT column1, column2 
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 IS [NOT] NULL;

Managing tables #

Create a new table:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS table_name (
     column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,
     column2 datatype constraint,
     table_constraint
);

Remove a table from the database:

DROP IF EXISTS TABLE table_name ;

Add a new column to the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name 
ADD column1 datatype constraint;

Drop a column from the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name 
DROP COLUMN column1;

Add a constraint:

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD constraint;

Drop a constraint:

ALTER TABLE table_name 
DROP constraint;

Rename a table:

ALTER TABLE table1 
RENAME TO table2;

Rename a column:

ALTER TABLE table1 
RENAME column1 TO column2;

Remove all data from a table fast:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Using SQL constraints #

Create a composite primary key:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype, 
    column2 datatype, 
    column3 datatype,
    PRIMARY KEY (column1, column2)
);

Create a foreign key constraint:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,  
    column2 datatype,
    FOREIGN KEY (column2) REFERENCES table2(column2) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
);

Create a unique constraint that includes two columns:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 data_type, 
    column2 data_type,
    column3 data_type,
    UNIQUE(column2,column3)
);

Create a CHECK constraint:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
   column1 datatype, 
   column2 datatype,
   CHECK(expression)
);

Set a NOT NULL constraint:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
     column1 datatype,
     column2 datatype NOT NULL
);

Modifying Data #

Insert one row into a table:

INSERT INTO table_name(column_list)
VALUES(value_list);

Insert multiple rows into a table:

INSERT INTO table_name(column_list)
VALUES (value_list), 
       (value_list);

Insert data selected from the table2 into table1:

INSERT INTO table1(column_list)
SELECT column_list
FROM table2;

Update the new value in the column for all rows:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = new_value;

Update values in two columns in rows that match the condition:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = new_value, 
    column2 = new_value
WHERE condition;

Delete all data in a table:

DELETE FROM table_name;

Delete a subset of rows in a table:

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Managing Views #

Create a new view based on a query:

CREATE VIEW view_name(column1,column2) 
AS
query;

Create a new view with the WITH CHECK OPTION:

CREATE VIEW view_name(column1, column2) 
AS
query
WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;

Create a recursive view:

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW view_name 
AS
query  -- anchor part
UNION [ALL]
query; -- recursive part

Create a temporary view:

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW view_name 
AS
query;

Delete a view:

DROP VIEW IF EXISTS view_name;

Managing indexes #

Create an index on column1 and column2 of the table table_name:

CREATE INDEX index_name 
ON table_name(column1,column2);

Create a unique index on column3 and column4 of the table_name:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name(column3, column4)

Drop an index:

DROP INDEX index_name;

Managing triggers #

Create or replace a trigger:

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_name
WHEN EVENT
ON table_name TRIGGER_TYPE
EXECUTE stored_procedure;

Delete a specific trigger:

DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;

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